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Babur

160 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 1. ↑Dale, Stephen F. (2018). _Babur_. p.154.

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  2. 2. ↑"Babur and Humayun with Courtiers, from the Late Shah Jahan Album". _Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art_. The first Mughal emperor, Babur, who reigned from 1526 to 1530, is shown seated on the right with his son and successor, Humayun.

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  3. 3. ↑Christine, Isom-Verhaaren (2013). _Allies with the Infidel_. I.B. Tauris. p.58.

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  4. 4. ↑Baumer, Christoph (2018). _The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols_. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.47.

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  5. 5. 1"Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor" at _Encyclopædia Iranica_

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  6. 6. 1Canfield, Robert L. (1991). _Turko-Persia in historical perspective_. Cambridge University Press. p.20. The Mughals-Persianized Turks who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis– strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India.

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  7. 7. ↑Jahangir, Emperor Of Hindustan (1999). _The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India_. Translated by Thackston, W. M. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press. p.6. ISBN9780195127188.

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  8. 8. ↑Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), _South Asia in World History_, Oxford University Press, pp.75–, ISBN978-0-19-066137-3, archived from the original on 22 September 2023, retrieved 11 June 2021

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  9. 9. ↑Dale, Stephen F. (3 May 2018). _Babur_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-108-47007-0.

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  10. 10. ↑Majumdar, R.C.; Raychaudhuri, H.C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950). _An Advanced History of India_ (2nd ed.). Macmillan & Company. p.419. The battle of khanua was one of the most decisive battles in Indian history certainly more than that of Panipat as Lodhi empire was already crumbling and Mewar had emerged as major power in northern India. Thus, Its at Khanua the fate of India was sealed for next two centuries

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  11. 11. ↑Chaurasia, Radheyshyam (2002). _History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D._ Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.161. ISBN978-81-269-0123-4. The battle of Kanwaha was more important in its result even than the first battle of panipat. While the former made Babur ruler of Delhi alone the later made him King of hindustan. As a result of his success, the Mughal empire was established firmly in India. The sovereignty of India now passed from Rajputs to Mughals

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  12. 12. ↑Wink 2012, p.27: "The victory of Mughals at khanua can be seen as a landmark event in Mughal conquest of North India as the battle turned out to be more historic and eventful than one fought near Panipat. It made Babur undisputed master of North India while smashing Rajput powers. After the victory at khanua, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul and continue to remain till downfall of the Empire after Aalamgir's death.

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  13. 13. ↑Hamès, Constant (1987). "Babur Le Livre de Babur". _Archives de sciences sociales des religions_. **63** (2): 222–223. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

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  14. 14. ↑Babur; Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; Taha Hussein-Okada, Amina (2022). _Le livre de Babur: le Babur-nama de Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur_. Série indienne. Paris: les Belles lettres. ISBN978-2-251-45370-5.

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  15. 15. ↑Dale, Stephen Frederic (1990). "Steppe Humanism: The Autobiographical Writings of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, 1483–1530". _International Journal of Middle East Studies_. **22** (1): 37–58. doi:10.1017/S0020743800033171. ISSN0020-7438. S2CID161867251.

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  16. 16. 1Necipoğlu, Gülru (1997), _Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World_, Brill, p.135, ISBN90-04-10872-6, archived from the original on 5 February 2024, retrieved 8 February 2019

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  17. 17. ↑Noshahi, Arif (2005). _خواجہ احرار_. Lahore, Pakistan: پورب اکیڈمی.

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  18. 18. 1Eraly 2007, pp.18–20.

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  19. 19. 1_EB_ (1878).

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  20. 20. 1_EB_ (1911).

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  21. 21. 1Dale, Stephen Frederic (2004). _The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. pp.15, 150. ISBN90-04-13707-6.

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  22. 22. ↑Babur; Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; Taha Hussein-Okada, Amina (2022). _Le livre de Babur: le Babur-nama de Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur_. Série indienne. Paris: les Belles lettres. p.3. ISBN978-2-251-45370-5.

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  23. 23. ↑Thumb, Albert, _Handbuch des Sanskrit, mit Texten und Glossar_, German original, ed. C. Winter, 1953, Snippet, p. 318 27 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine

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  24. 24. 1Hiro, Dilip (2006). _Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur_. Mumbai: Penguin Books India. p.xviii. ISBN978-0-14-400149-1.

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  25. 25. ↑"Mirza Muhammad Haidar". _Silk Road Seattle_. University of Washington. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2006. On the occasion of the birth of Babar Padishah (the son of Omar Shaikh)

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  26. 26. ↑Babur (2006). _Babur Nama_. Penguin Books. p.vii. ISBN978-0-14-400149-1.

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  27. 27. ↑"Bābur (Mughal emperor)". _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

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  28. 28. 1Lehmann, F. "Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur". _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2008.

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  29. 29. ↑"Iran: The Timurids and Turkmen". _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

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  30. 30. ↑Dale, Stephen F. (2018). _Babur:Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor, 1483-1530_. Cambridge University Press. p.35. ISBN9781316996379.

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  31. 31. ↑Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1994). "The Symbiosis of Turk and Tajik". _Central Asia in Historical Perspective_. Boulder, Colorado & Oxford. p.58. ISBN0-8133-3638-4.

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  32. 32. ↑"Babur, the first Moghul emperor: Wine and tulips in Kabul". _The Economist_. 16 December 2010. pp.80–82. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2015.

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  33. 33. ↑Lal, Ruby (2005). _Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World_. Cambridge University Press. p.69. ISBN0-521-85022-3. It was over these possessions, provinces controlled by uncles, or cousins of varying degrees, that Babur fought with close and distant relatives for much of his life.

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  34. 34. 1Eraly 2007, pp.6–7.

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  35. 35. 1Ewans, Martin (2002). _Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics_. HarperCollins. pp.26–27. ISBN0-06-050508-7. Babur, while still in his teens, conceived the ambition of conquering Samarkand. In 1497, after a seven months' siege, he took the city, but his supporters gradually deserted him and Ferghana was taken from him in his absence. Within a few months he was compelled to retire from Samarkand... Eventually he retook Samarkand, but was again forced out, this time by an Usbek leader, Shaibani Khan... Babur decided in 1504 to trek over the Hindu Kush to Kabul, where the current ruler promptly retreated to Kandahar and left him in undisputed control of the city.

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  36. 36. ↑"The Memoirs of Babur". _Silk Road Seattle_. University of Washington. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2006. After being driven out of Samarkand in 1501 by the Uzbek Shaibanids...

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  37. 37. 1Mahajan, V.D. (2007). _History of medieval India_ (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp.428–29. ISBN978-81-219-0364-6.

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  38. 38. 1Eraly 2007, pp.21–23.

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  39. 39. ↑Beveridge 2018, p.319

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  40. 40. ↑"The First Afghan Empire In India (1451-1526 A.D.)". p.214. Retrieved 7 August 2025.

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  41. 41. 1Brend, Barbara (2002). _Perspectives on Persian Painting: Illustrations to Amir Khusrau's Khamsah_. Routledge (UK). p.188. ISBN0-7007-1467-7.

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  42. 42. 1Eraly 2007, pp.24–26.

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  43. 43. ↑Lamb, Christina (2004). _The Sewing Circles of Herat: A Personal Voyage Through Afghanistan_. HarperCollins. p.153. ISBN0-06-050527-3.

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  44. 44. ↑Hickmann, William C. (1992). _Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time_. Princeton University Press. p.473. ISBN0-691-01078-1. Eastern Turk Mir Ali Shir Neva'i (1441–1501), founder of the Chagatai literary language

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  45. 45. ↑Doniger, Wendy (1999). _Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions_. Merriam-Webster. p.539. ISBN0-87779-044-2.

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  46. 46. ↑Sicker, Martin (2000). _The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege in Vienna_. Bloomsbury Academic. p.189. ISBN0-275-96892-8. Ismail was quite prepared to lend his support to the displaced Timurid prince, Zahir ad-Din Babur, who offered to accept Safavid suzerainty in return for help in regaining control of Transoxiana.

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  47. 47. ↑Erdogan, Eralp (July 2014). "Babür İmparatorluğu'nun Kuruluş Safhasında Şah İsmail ile Babür İttifakı". _History Studies: International Journal of History_ (in Turkish). **6** (4): 31–39. doi:10.9737/historyS1150 (inactive 11 July 2025). Archived from the original on 9 October 2022.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

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  48. 48. 1Eraly 2007, pp.27–29.

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  49. 49. ↑Beveridge 2018, p.479

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  50. 50. 1Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). _History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D._ New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. pp.89–90. ISBN81-269-0123-3.

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  51. 51. ↑Chandra, Satish (2009). _Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals_. Vol.2. New Delhi: Har-Anand. p.27. ISBN978-81-241-1268-7.

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  52. 52. ↑Chandra (2009, pp.27–28)

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  53. 53. 1Chandra (2009, p.28)

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  54. 54. ↑"Bābur, Mughal emperor". Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.

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  55. 55. 1Beveridge, Annette S. (2017). _Bābur-nāma a memoir_. p.303. ISBN978-81-291-4175-0.

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  56. 56. 1Dale, Stephen F. (2004). _The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Bābur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. p.316.

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  57. 57. ↑Chandra, Satish (1978). _Medieval India_. National Council of Educational Research and Training. p.13.

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  58. 58. ↑Anooshahr, Ali (2009). _The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods_. Routledge. p.24.

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  59. 59. 1Mahajan (2007, p.438)

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  60. 60. ↑"Gwalior Fort: Rock Sculptures", A Cunningham, _Archaeological Survey of India_, pp. 364–70

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  61. 61. ↑Rao, K. V. Krishna (1991). _Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security_. Lancer Publishers. p.453. ISBN978-81-7212-001-6. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2020.

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  62. 62. 1Anooshahr, Ali (2009). _The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods_. Routledge. p.20.

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  63. 63. 1Asher, Catherine B. (1992). _Architecture of Mughal India_. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p.60.

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  64. 64. ↑Roy, Kaushik (2015). _Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia_. Routledge. p.77.

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  65. 65. 1Lane-Poole, Stanley (1899). _Babar_. The Clarendon Press. pp.182–83.

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  66. 66. 1Chandra, Satish (1999). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals_. Vol.2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p.36. OCLC36806798.

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  67. 67. ↑Beveridge, Annette S. (2017). _Bābur-nāma a memoir_. p.423. ISBN978-81-291-4175-0.

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  68. 68. ↑Anooshahr, Ali (2009). _The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods_. Routledge. p.32.

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  69. 69. ↑Eraly, Abraham (2004). _The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors_. Phoenix. p.43.

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  70. 70. ↑Mukhia, Harbans (2004). _The Mughals of India_. Blackwell. p.115.

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  71. 71. 1Asher, Catherine B. (1992). _Architecture of Mughal India_. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp.51–54.

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  72. 72. ↑Srivastava, A. L. (1952). _The Mughal Empire, 1526–1803_. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p.569.

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  73. 73. ↑Chandra, Satish (1978). _Medieval India_. National Council of Educational Research and Training. p.16.

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  74. 74. ↑Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008). _Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748_. pp.13–14. OCLC20894584.

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  75. 75. 1Hinnells, John; King, Richard (2006). _Religion and Violence in South Asia: Theory and Practice_. Routledge. pp.101–114. ISBN978-0-415-37291-6.

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  76. 76. ↑Elliot, H. M.; Dowson, John, eds. (1872). "Tuzak-i Babari"The Autobiography of Babur. _The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians_. Vol.IV. Translated by Leyden, John; Erskine, William. London: Trübner and Co. pp.272, 275.

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  77. 77. ↑Prasad, Rajendra. _India Divided_ (3rd ed.). Hind Kitabs Ltd. pp.38–39.

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  78. 78. ↑Elliot, Henry Miers (1867–1877). "The Muhammadan Period". In John Dowson (ed.). _The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians_. London: Trubner. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2008.

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  79. 79. ↑Rahman, Tariq (2011). _From Hindi to Urdu: a social and political history_. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp.73–74. ISBN978-0-19-906313-0. OCLC731974235.

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  80. 80. ↑"The Memoirs of Babur, Volume 1, chpt. 71". _Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur Emperor of Hindustan, Written by himself, in the Chaghatāi Tūrki_. Translated by John Leyden and William Erskine, Annotated and Revised by Lucas King. Oxford University Press. 1921. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2008. Āisha Sultan Begum, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed Mirza, to whom I had been betrothed in the lifetime of my father and uncle, having arrived in Khujand, I now married her, in the month of Shābān. In the first period of my being a married man, though I had no small affection for her, yet, from modesty and bashfulness, I went to her only once in ten, fifteen, or twenty days. My affection afterwards declined, and my shyness increased; in so much, that my mother the Khanum, used to fall upon me and scold me with great fury, sending me off like a criminal to

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  81. 81. ↑Beveridge 2018, p.120

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  82. 82. ↑Babur, Emperor of Hindustan (2002, p.89)

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  83. 83. ↑Parodi, Laura E.; Wannell, Bruce (2011). "The Earliest Datable Mughal Painting". _asianart.com_.

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  84. 84. 1Babur (2006). "Babur's wives and children". In Hiro, Dilip (ed.). _Babur Nama:Journal of Emperor Babur_ (2006 ed.). Penguin. p.362. ISBN978-0-14-400149-1.

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  85. 85. ↑Pope, Hugh (2005). _Sons of the Conquerors_, Overlook Duckworth, pp. 234–35.

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  86. 86. ↑Burak, Guy (2013). "The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Post-Mongol Context of the Ottoman Adoption of a School of Law". _Comparative Studies in Society and History_. **55** (3): 579–602. ISSN0010-4175.

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  87. 87. 1Eraly, Abraham (1997). _Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls_. Penguin Books Limited. p.29.

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  88. 88. ↑Eraly, Abraham (1997). _Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls_. Penguin Books Limited. p.30.

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  89. 89. ↑.Bobirning "Aruz risolasi" asari (in Uzbek). pp. 1-4.Uzbekistan:Fan.

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  90. 90. ↑.The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture.p. 26. India:Reaktion Books.

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  91. 91. ↑.Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals.pp. 30-41. India:Penguin Books Limited.

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  92. 92. ↑"Biography of Abdur Rahim Khankhana". Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2006.

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  93. 93. ↑Dale, Stephen Frederic (2004). _The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. pp.15, 150. ISBN90-04-13707-6.

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  94. 94. ↑Eraly, Abraham (2004). _The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors_. Phoenix. p.51.

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  95. 95. ↑Dale, Stephen F. (2004). _The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Bābur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. p.242.

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  96. 96. ↑Babur (1922). _The Bābur-nāma in English_. Translated by Beveridge, Annette Susannah. Luzac. p.756.

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  97. 97. ↑Majumdar, R. C. (1974). _The Mughul Empire_. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p.21.

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  98. 98. ↑Dale, Stephen F. (2004). _The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Bābur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. p.6.

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  99. 99. ↑Stronge, Susan (2002). _Painting for the Mughal Emperor: The Art of the Book 1560–1660_. V&A Publications. p.86.

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  100. 100. ↑Dale, Stephen F. (2004). _The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Bābur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. p.50.

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  101. 101. ↑Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015). _Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire. Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia_. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.42–43. ISBN978-0-857-72081-8.

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  102. 102. 1Dale, Stephen F. (2004). _The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Bābur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. p.7.

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  103. 103. ↑Koch, Ebba (2001). _Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology: Collected Essays_. Oxford University Press. p.210.

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  104. 104. ↑Koch, Ebba (1991). _Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development, 1526–1858_. Prestel. p.85.

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  105. 105. ↑Koch, Ebba (1991). _Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development, 1526–1858_. Prestel. p.31.

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  106. 106. ↑Asher, Catherine B. (1992). _Architecture of Mughal India_. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p.59.

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  107. 107. ↑Dale, Stephen F. (2004). _The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Bābur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. p.448.

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  108. 108. ↑Edwardes, S. M.; Garrett, H. L. O. (1930). _Mughal Rule in India_. Oxford University Press. p.12.

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  109. 109. ↑Mukhia, Harbans (2004). _The Mughals of India_. Blackwell. p.161.

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  110. 110. ↑Eraly, Abraham (2004). _The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors_. Phoenix. p.65.

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  111. 111. ↑Datta, Rangan (5 July 2024). "Agra beyond the Taj: Exploring tombs and gardens on the left bank of Yamuna". _The Telegraph_. Retrieved 18 July 2024.

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  112. 112. ↑Goel, Shrishti (20 November 2020). "Did you know Mughal emperor Babur's body was kept at this place for 6 months before being buried in Kabul?". _Dainik Jagaran_. Retrieved 18 July 2024.

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  113. 113. ↑Dale, Stephen Frederic (2004). _The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)_. Brill. p.216. ISBN90-04-13707-6.

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  114. 114. ↑Morgan, David O.; Reid, Anthony, eds. (2010). _The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-85031-5.

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  115. 115. ↑Prokhorov, A. M., ed. (1969–1978). "Babur". _Great Soviet Encyclopedia_ (in Russian). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 September 2013.`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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