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Ghurids
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1. ↑See religion and creed. Initially, the Ghurids adopted Karramism, but later under Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad shifted to the Shafi'i school and Ash'arism, while Muhammad of Ghor shifted to the Hanafi school and Maturidism.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed1. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical Atlas of South Asia_. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p.147, Map "g".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗2. 1Eaton 2019, p.38.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed3. ↑Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). _History of Civilizations of Central Asia_. UNESCO. pp.432–433. ISBN978-92-3-103467-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗4. ↑Auer 2021, p.6.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed5. ↑Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by David Thomas, p. 18.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗6. ↑_The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-volume set_, by Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, p. 108.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed7. ↑_The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids_, C.E. Bosworth, **Iran**, Vol. 6, (1968), 35;;"Like the Ghaznavids whom they supplanted, the Ghurids had their court poets, and these wrote in **Persian**"
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed8. 1O'Neal 2015.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed9. ↑Minorsky, Vladmir (1970). _Ḥudūd al-'Ālam, "The Regions of the World,"_. Leningrad: University Press, Oxford. p.110. ISBN9780906094037.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed10. ↑_The Ghurids_, K.A. Nizami, _History of Civilizations of Central Asia_, Vol.4, Part 1, ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth, (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999), 178.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed11. ↑Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). _The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience_. Oxford University Press. pp.92–94. ISBN978-0-19-977311-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗12. ↑Barisitz, Stephan (2017). _Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia_. Springer. p.94. ISBN978-3-319-51213-6.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗13. ↑Elphinstone, Mountstuart. The History of India. Vol. 1. J. Murray, 1841. Web. 29 April 2010. Link: _"...the prevalent and apparently the correct opinion is, that both they and their subjects were Afghans. "_&_"In the time of Sultan Mahmud it was held, as has been observed, by a prince whom Ferishta calls Mohammed Soory (or Sur) Afghan."_ pp. 598–599
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗14. ↑A short history of India: and of the frontier states of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma, Wheeler, James Talboys 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, (LINK: _"The next conqueror after Mahmud who made a name in India, was Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan."_
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗ Additional / archive link ↗15. ↑Balfour, Edward. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885. Web. 29 April 2010. Link: _"IZ-ud-DIN Husain, the founder of the Ghori dynasty, was a native of Afghanistan. The origin of the house of Ghor has, however, been much discussed,– the prevailing opinion being that both they and their subjects were an Afghan race. "_ p. 392
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗16. 1M. Longworth Dames; G. Morgenstierne; R. Ghirshman (1999). "AF GH ĀNISTĀN". _Encyclopaedia of Islam_ (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. _"... there is no evidence for assuming that the inhabitants of Ghūr were originally Pashto-speaking (cf. Dames, in E I1). If we are to believe the Paṭa Khazāna (see below, iii), the legendary Amīr Karōṝ, grandson of Shansab, (8th century) was a Pashto poet, but this for various reasons is very improbable
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed17. ↑Richard Eaton (2000). _Essays on Islam and Indian History_. Oxford University Press. p.100. ISBN978-0-19-565114-0. The dynamics of north Indian politics changed dramatically, however, when the Ghurids, a dynasty of Tajik (eastern Iranian), origin arrived from central Afghanistan towards the end of twelfth century
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗18. ↑Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: _"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the Gh ūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed19. ↑Wink 2020, p.78.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed20. ↑Cynthia Talbot, _The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000_, (Cambridge University Press, 2016), 36.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed21. 1Bosworth 2001b.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed22. ↑Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.92. ISBN978-0-691-18074-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗23. 1Avari, Burjor (2013). _Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent_. Routledge. p.41. ISBN978-0-415-58061-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗24. 1Wink, André (2010). "The early expansion of Islam in India". In Morgan, David O.; Reid, Anthony (eds.). _The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.96. ISBN978-0-521-85031-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed25. ↑Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.3. ISBN978-0-691-12594-7.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗26. ↑Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: _"... There is nothing to confirm the recent surmise that the Gh ūids were Pa sh to-speaking
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed27. ↑Thomas 2018, p. 26, Figure I:2.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed28. ↑Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). _An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History_. Routledge. p.37, Map 16.2. ISBN978-1-317-47681-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗29. ↑_History of Civilizations of Central Asia_. UNESCO. 1998. ISBN978-92-3-103467-1. In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid control
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗30. ↑_Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections_. Brill. 2020. p.237. ISBN978-90-04-43736-4. In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b. Sām
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗31. ↑"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)". _iranicaonline.org_. Ḡazna and Bost suffered frightful sackings by ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn, in which colleges and libraries were despoiled, and the buildings of previous sultans destroyed (Jūzjānī, pp. 343–345; Čahār maqāla, ed. Qazvīnī, p. 31), earning him the uneviable epithet of Jahānsūz (world incendiary).
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗32. 1Bosworth 2001a, pp.578–583.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed33. ↑Wink 1991, p.136.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed34. ↑Thomas 2018, p.55.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed35. ↑Thomas 2018, p.56.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed36. 1Wink 1991, p.138.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed37. ↑Wink 1991, pp.136–137.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed38. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.163.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed39. ↑Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.105. ISBN978-1-4008-3324-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗40. 1Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.90. ISBN978-1-4008-3324-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗41. ↑Bosworth, Edmond. "Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)". _iranicaonline.org_. In the west, Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn, often in concert with his brother, extended his suzerainty over the maleks of Nīmrūz or Sīstān and even over the Kermān branch of the Saljuqs.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗42. 1_Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids_. The actual fighting in Khorasan at this time was largely between the Ghurids and Tekeš's brother Solṭānšāh, who had carved out for himself personally a principality in western Khorasan, until in 586/1190. Ḡīāṯ-al–Dīn and Moʿezz-al-Dīn defeated Solṭānšāh near Marv in 588/1192, captured him, and took over his territories (Jūzjānī, I, 303–304, tr. I, pp. 246–247). When Tekeš died in 596/1200 (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, XII, pp. 156–158), Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was able to take over most of the towns of Khorasan as far west as Besṭām in Qūmes.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗43. ↑_Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids_. ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn's expansionist policies raised the Ghurids into a power of significance well beyond Ḡūr itself. Latterly, he was able to take advantage of a certain power-vacuum in the eastern Islamic world which had arisen through the decay of the Ghaznavids and the collapse of Saljuq power in Khorasan consequent on Sanjar's defeat and capture by the Ḡozz (q.v.) in 548/1153.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗44. ↑"Encyclopedia Iranica, Sanjar". _iranicaonline.org_.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗45. ↑Mohammad Habib (1992). "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). _A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)_. Vol.5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p.44. OCLC31870180. At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗46. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.168.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed47. ↑Chandra 2007, p.73:"Muizzuddin led his last campaign into India in 1206 in order to deal with the Khokhar rebellion. He resorted to large-scale slaughter of the Khokhars and cowed them down. On his way back to Ghazni, he was killed by a Muslim fanatic belonging to a rival sect"
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed48. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.37, 147. ISBN0226742210. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗49. 1Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. pp.115–117. ISBN978-0-691-18074-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗50. ↑Goron, Stan; Goenka, J. P.; Robinson (numismatist.), Michael (2001). _The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh_. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN978-81-215-1010-3. Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse: legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗51. ↑Thapar 2004, pp.421, 433–434: "The campaigns saw Muhammad in control of Lahore and led to the visions of further conquests in India. An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges Plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier.."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed52. ↑Thapar 2004, p.433.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed53. ↑Wink 1991, p.139–140.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed54. 1Eaton 2019, pp.39–45.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed55. ↑Wink 1991, p.143.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed56. 1Thapar 2004, p.434.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed57. ↑Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). _Chaulukyas of Gujarat_. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp.131–132. OCLC4413150.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗58. ↑Chandra 2007, p.68: "In 1173, Shahabuddin, Muhammad (1173–1206 (also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam) ascended the throne at Ghazni, while his elder brother was ruling at Ghur. Proceeding by way of the Gomal pass, Muizzuddin Muhammad conquered Multan and Uchch. In 1178, he attempted to penetrate into Gujarat by marching across the Rajputana desert. But the Gujarat ruler completely routed him in a battle near Mount Abu, and Muizzuddin Muhammad was lucky in escaping alive. He now realised the necessity of creating a suitable base in the Punjab before venturing upon the conquest of India. Accordingly he launched a campaign against the Ghaznavid possessions in the Punjab. By 1190, Muizzuddin Muhammad had conquered Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot, and was poised for a thrust towards Delhi and the Gangetic doab"
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed59. ↑Bosworth 1977, p.129.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed60. ↑Wink 1991, p.144.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed61. ↑Bosworth 2001a.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed62. 1Eaton, Richard M. (1993). _The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760_. Berkeley · Los Angeles · London: University of California Press. p.Chapter 1–2.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗63. ↑Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). _A History of India_. Psychology Press. p.167. ISBN978-0-415-32919-4. "The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗64. ↑Thapar 2004, pp.434–435.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed65. ↑Jayapalan, N. (2001). _History of India_. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. ISBN978-81-7156-928-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗66. ↑Jayapalan, N. (2001). _History of India_. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp.1–3. ISBN978-81-7156-928-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗67. 1Mohammad Habib (1981). K. A. Nizami (ed.). _Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2_. People's Publishing House. p.116. In the winter of A.D. 1194–1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the doab. Rai Jaichand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand idol-temples into house for the Musalmans.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗68. ↑Jayapalan, N. (2001). _History of India_. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p.2. ISBN978-81-7156-928-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗69. ↑Chandra 2007, p.71: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed"
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed70. 1Asher, Frederick M. (2020). _Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began_. Getty Publications. p.11. ISBN978-1-60606-616-4. And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗71. ↑Asher, Frederick M. (2020). _Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began_. Getty Publications. p.74. ISBN978-1-60606-616-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗72. 1Jayapalan, N. (2001). _History of India_. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. ISBN978-81-7156-928-1.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗73. ↑Sisirkumar Mitra 1977, pp.123–126.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed74. ↑Thapar 2004, pp.434, 436.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed75. ↑Roy, Himanshu (2021). _Political Thought in Indic Civilization_. Sage Publishing India. p.6. ISBN978-93-5479-159-8. After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗76. ↑Koh, Tommy; Singh, Hernaikh (2020). _India on Our Minds: Essays by Tharman Shanmugaratnam and 50 Singaporean Friends of India_. World Scientific. p.91. ISBN978-981-12-2453-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗77. ↑_Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections_. Brill. 2020. p.237. ISBN978-90-04-43736-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗78. ↑Majumdar, R. C. (1973). _History of Mediaeval Bengal_. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp.1–2. OCLC1031074. Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗79. ↑Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986) First published 1979. _Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India_. Vol.I (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. pp.81–82. ISBN978-81-207-0617-0. OCLC883279992. The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal, through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗80. ↑Thakur, Amrendra Kumar (1992). _India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D_. Janaki Prakashan. p.148. ISBN9788185078687.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗81. ↑K. A. Nizami (1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). _A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)_. Vol.5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p.201. OCLC31870180.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗82. ↑Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). _Islam at War: A History_. Praeger Publishers. p.56. ISBN9780275981013.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗83. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One_. Har-Anand Publications. pp.43–44. ISBN978-81-241-1064-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗84. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.164.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed85. 1Sicker, Martin (2000). _The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna_. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.103. ISBN978-0-313-00111-6.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗86. ↑Satish Chandra (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One_. Har-Anand Publications. p.29. ISBN978-81-241-1064-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗87. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.165.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed88. ↑Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2002
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed89. ↑Bosworth, Edmond. "Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)". _iranicaonline.org_. The Ghurids adopted the role of defenders of Sunnism. They had cordial relations with the ʿAbbasids in Baghdad, frequently exchanging embassies (Jūzjānī's father took part in one of the last, Jūzjānī, I, p. 361, tr. p. 383). Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was admitted to al-Nāṣer's fotūwa order, and the caliph more than once urged the Ghurids to halt the advance into western Persia of the Ḵᵛārazmšāhs (Jūzjānī, I, 302, tr. I, p. 243).
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗90. ↑Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.106. ISBN978-1-4008-3324-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗91. ↑Griffel, Frank (8 June 2021). _The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam_. Oxford University Press. p.59. ISBN978-0-19-088634-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗92. ↑Griffel, Frank (8 June 2021). _The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam_. Oxford University Press. p.290. ISBN978-0-19-088634-9.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗93. ↑Khan, Muhammad (1 September 2009). _The Muslim 100: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History_. Kube Publishing Ltd. p.285. ISBN978-1-84774-029-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗94. ↑Necipoğlu, Gülru (1 January 2002). _Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World_. BRILL. p.13. ISBN978-90-04-12593-3.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗95. ↑إسماعيل, أبو الفداء/الملك المؤيد (1 January 1997). _تاريخ أبي الفداء 1-2 المسمى المختصر في أخبار البشر ج2__Imam Fakhr al-Din Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Husayn al-Razi had come to Ghiyath al-Din, who had shown him great honor and respect, and had built a madrasa for him in Herat near the mosque. This greatly angered the Karramiyya._ (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p.185.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗96. ↑Ibn-al-At̲īr, ʻIzz-ad-Dīn Abu-'l-Ḥasan ʻAlī (1890). _Tārīḫ al-Kāmil__In this year, a great discord arose in the army of Ghiyath al-Din, the king of Ghor and Ghazni, at Firuzkuh. Both the common people and the kings and princes were involved. The cause was that Fakhr Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Razi, the renowned imam and Shafi'i jurist, had come to Ghiyath al-Din from Manar, sent by Baha' al-Din Sam, the ruler of Bamiyan, who was Ghiyath al-Din's maternal uncle. Ghiyath al-Din honored him, treated him with great respect, and built for him a madrasa in Bahārā near the mosque. Scholars from various regions came to him, and this greatly impressed and pleased many in Bahārā._ (in Arabic). S. t. p.59.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗97. 1Flood, Finbarr Barry (12 July 2022). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.101. ISBN978-1-4008-3324-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗98. ↑Necipoğlu, Gülru (1 January 2002). _Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World_. BRILL. p.16. ISBN978-90-04-12593-3.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗99. ↑Yūsofī 2015.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed100. ↑_Persian Literature in the Safavid Period_, Z. Safa, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid periods, Vol. 6, Ed. Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart,(Cambridge University Press, 1986), 951; "_...Ghurids and Ghurid mamluks, all of whom established centres in India where poets and writers received ample encouragement._".
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed101. ↑Patel, Alka (University of California) (2017). _The Coming of the Mongols_. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.19–25. ISBN978-1-78673-383-2.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗102. ↑Hambly & Asher 1994, pp.242–250.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed103. ↑Auer 2021, p.30.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed104. ↑Auer 2021, p.12.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed105. 1Avari, Burjor (2013). _Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent_. Routledge. p.41. ISBN978-0-415-58061-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗106. ↑Eaton 2019, pp.48–49.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed107. ↑Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. pp.105–106. ISBN978-1-4008-3324-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗108. 1Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016). _Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs_. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p.155, item 85. ISBN978-1-58839-589-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗109. 1Raby, Julian (2012). "The Principle of Parsimony and the Problem of the 'Mosul School of Metalwork'". In Porter, Venetia; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). _Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World_. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.11–85. ISBN978-0-85773-343-6. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
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Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗111. ↑. _The Metropolitan Museum of Art_. Retrieved 4 January 2024. At the time that this ewer and the group of long-necked ewers to which it relates were produced, Herat was under the control of the Ghurids, not the Seljuqs, but evidence strongly suggests that these pieces were exported to centers in Seljuq Iran and elsewhere.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗112. ↑Metropolitan Museum of Art notice
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗113. 1O'Neal, Michael (2020). "Some New Numismatic Evidence for Ghurid History". _Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies. Volume II: Studies on Iran and the Persianate World after Islam_. Saint Petersburg: State Hermitage Publishers. pp.200–214. ISBN978-5-93572-911-0.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed114. 1Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. "Coinage." Edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Devin J. Stewart. Brill, 2007–present. Accessed 4 November 2025.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed115. ↑O’Neal, Michael. "Some New Numismatic Evidence for Ghurid History." _Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies_ (2020): 207–210.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed116. ↑Flood, Finbarr Barry. "Islamic Identities and Islamic Art: Inscribing the Qur’an in Twelfth-Century Afghanistan." _Studies in the History of Art_ 74 (2009): 94–96.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed117. ↑"MWNF - Museum With No Frontiers". _islamicart.museumwnf.org_. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗118. ↑Pinder-Wilson, Ralph (2001). "Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets". _Iran_. **39**: 155–186. doi:10.2307/4300603. JSTOR4300603.
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