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Khanate of Kalat
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1. 1Elfenbein 1989, pp.433–443.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed2. ↑Baloch 2011.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed3. 1_Imperial Gazetteer of India_.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed4. 1Elfenbein 1989.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed5. 1Butt, Saima (9 November 2022). "The Rise of Political Awareness and Institutional Development in Balochistan in British Era". _Pakistan Perspective_. **27** (1): 96. ISSN2707-899X. Retrieved 1 June 2026. Balochistan state lost half of its territory in favor of Iran and less than half to Afghanistan.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗6. ↑"Balochistan Archives – Records of the Agent to the Governor General in Balochistan". Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗7. 1Siddiqi 2012, p.53.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed8. 1Spooner 1988.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed9. ↑Khan 2013, p.68.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed10. ↑Sedighi 2023, p.63.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed11. ↑Malik 2020, p.12.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed12. ↑Breseeg 2004, p.117.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed13. 1Spooner 2012, p.320.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed14. ↑Breseeg 2004, p.120.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed15. ↑Banuazizi & Weiner 1988, p.273.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed16. ↑Webb 2016, p.318.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed17. ↑Lee 2019, p.126.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed18. ↑Khan Durrani 1991.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed19. ↑Dani 2003, p.289.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed20. ↑Balland 1983.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed21. ↑Gulzad 1994, p.31.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed22. ↑Khan Jalalzai 2003, p.33.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed23. ↑Khan 2005, p.111.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed24. ↑Siddiqi 2012, p.70.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed25. ↑Windfuhr 2013, pp.635–636.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed26. ↑Hanifi 2019, p.143.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed27. ↑Malik 2007, p.37.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed28. 1Breseeg 2004, p.118.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed29. ↑Breseeg 2004, p.121.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed30. ↑Ahmed 1998, p.99.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed31. ↑R. P. Bhargava, _The Chamber of Princes_ (Northern Book Centre, 1991) p. 313
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗32. ↑Cheema & Riemer 1990, p.60.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed33. ↑Sheikh 2018.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed34. ↑"Mar 29, 2023 | Seventy-five years ago Kalat accedes to Pakistan". _Dawn Epaper_. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗35. ↑Amirali 2015, pp.22–23: "Seven months later, on 27 March 1948, Kalat acceded to Pakistan. Whether it was a willing annexation or a coerced one is a disputed matter, with pro-state historians arguing that the Khan willingly made the decision to accede, and nationalist scholars maintaining that Balochistan was annexed."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed36. ↑Amirali 2015, p.24: "The KSNP Kalat State National Party leaders were arrested and the Khan was put under house arrest."
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed37. ↑"Baloch 'independence'". _Dawn_. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2026. ON the so-called 'Kalat Independence Day' on Aug 11, Mir Suleman Dawood, grandson of the last ruler of Kalat, announced the creation of a council of Baloch separatist elements in Pakistan and Iran who will press for the formation of an 'independent Balochistan'.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗38. ↑Talpur, Mir Mohammad Ali. "The Rise of Baloch Nationalism and Resistance – II – Pakistan Monthly Review". Retrieved 1 June 2026. On August 4, 1947, a tripartite agreement was signed between Pakistan, the British and Balochistan called The Standstill Agreement in which the sovereign status of Balochistan was accepted. The Khan declared Balochistan independent on August 11, 1947, three days before the independence of Pakistan.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗39. 1Siddiqi 2012, p.58–62.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed40. ↑Harrison 1981, p.24.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed41. ↑Amirali 2015, pp.22–23.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed42. 1Saiyid 2006.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed43. ↑Sheikh 2018, p.80.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed44. ↑Breseeg 2004, p.100.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed45. ↑Elfenbein 1988.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed46. ↑"Balochi language History, Origin, & Varieties". _Encyclopedia Britannica_. Retrieved 4 June 2026.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗47. ↑Whitaker 1951, p.754.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed48. ↑_IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean_. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1987.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗49. ↑"Census of India 1901. Vol. 5A, Baluchistan. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". 1901. p.5. JSTORsaoa.crl.25352844. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗50. 1"Census of India 1911. Vol. 4, Baluchistan: pt. 1, Report; pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p.11. JSTORsaoa.crl.25393764. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗51. 1"Census of India 1921. Vol. 4, Baluchistan: part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1921. p.165. JSTORsaoa.crl.25394124. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗52. 1"Census of India 1931. Vol. 4, Baluchistan. Pts. 1 & 2, Report and Imperial and provincial tables". 1931. p.390. JSTORsaoa.crl.25797115. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗53. 1India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 14, Baluchistan". p.17. JSTORsaoa.crl.28215993. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗54. ↑Siddiqi 2012, p.62.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Breseeg, Taj Mohammad (2004). _Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development_. Royal Book Company. ISBN978-969-407-309-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012), _The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements_, Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-68614-3
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Malik, Fida Hussain (2020). _Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives_. Saiyid Books. ISBN9789692200028.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Webb, Matthew J. (4 October 2016). _Separatist Violence in South Asia: A comparative study_. Taylor & Francis. p.318. ISBN978-1-317-39312-2. Baloch separatism, for example, can be traced back to 1758, when Nasir Khan of Kalat won sovereign status from the Afghan empire...
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron (1 August 1988). _The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan_. Syracuse University Press. p.273. ISBN978-0-8156-2448-6. Once he had established his army on a solid basis, however, Nasir Khan took on the Afghans militarily, fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani's forces to a standstill in 1758. Thereafter, Kalat enjoyed sovereign status until the arrival of the British...
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Khan Jalalzai, Musa (2003). _The Foreign Policy of Afghanistan_. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p.33. ISBN9789693513998.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Gulzad, Zulmay (1994). _External Influences and the Development of the Afghan State in the Nineteenth Century_. P. Lang. p.31. ISBN9780820424576.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Balland, D (15 December 1983). "AFGHANISTAN x. Political History". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Vol.I/5: Adat–Afghanistan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.547–558. ISBN978-0-71009-094-2. The political convulsions of the last years of the 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th century had led to the empire's dismemberment. A Qajar offensive resulted in the loss of western Khorasan (1209/1795) and a direct threat to Herat, which was besieged in 1249/1833 and in 1253/1837. To the north of the Hindu Kush, various Uzbek principalities entered the orbit of khanate of Bokhara. In the south, the khanate of Kalāt became independent.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Lee, Jonathan (2019). _Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present_. Reaktion Books. p.126. ISBN9781789140101. Following the loss of the Punjab, Nasir Khan, beglar begi of Kalat, convinced that these defeats marked the beginning of the end of Durrani power, declared independence. Sardar Shah Wali Khan was sent to put down the revolt, but when he was defeated Ahmad Shah set out in person to deal with the troublesome governor. He eventually defeated the Baluch army but was unable to take Kalat by storm. Instead, he agreed to allow Nasir Khan to remain as governor of Kalat in return for his resubmission to Durrani sovereignty
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Elfenbein, Josef (1989). "Brahui". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Vol.IV/4: Bolbol I–Brick. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.433–443. ISBN978-0-71009-127-7.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Elfenbein, Josef (1988). "BALUCHISTAN iii. Baluchi Language and Literature". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Vol.III/6: Baḵtīārī tribe II–Banān. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN978-0-71009-118-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2003). _History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century_. UNESCO. p.289. ISBN9789231038761. Nasir Khan had accompanied Ahmad Shah in three campaigns in India and is said to have performed his duties well and loyally. But in 1758, on hearing the Marathas had conquered Punjab and ousted the Afghans from that province, he declared his independence. In the summer of 1758, Ahmad Shah advanced into Baluchistan. He met considerable resistance. According to a local chronicle, the small fortress of Kalat detained the Shah for 40 days. Ultimately, Nasir Khan was forced to submit. He was allowed his domains on condition he acknowledged the shah's sovereignty and furnished contingents for his campaigns. The Baluch chief was exempted from the annual tax and tribute.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed* Spooner, Brian J. (1988). "Baluchistan i. Geography, History and Ethnography". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Vol.III/6: Baḵtīārī tribe II–Banān. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.598–632. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6516. ISBN978-0-71009-118-5.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Spooner, Brian (2012). Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.). "Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". _Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice_. Leiden, Boston: Brill: 319-336. ISBN978-9004201453. Retrieved 4 June 2026.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Sedighi, Anousha (2023). _Iranian and Minority Languages at Home and in Diaspora_. De Gruyter. ISBN9783110694314.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Khan, Adeel (2005). _Politics of Identity_. SAGE Publications. ISBN9780761933045.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Harrison, Selig S. (1981), _In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations_, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p.24, ISBN978-0-87003-029-1, Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration of independence, touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat... But it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened... Moreover, the Pakistani version of the accession debate is discredited by a study of the discussion of the Kalat Assembly on the accession issue and by interviews with a variety of Baluch leaders that confirm the authenticity of the official assembly proceedings.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Amirali, Alia (2015), "Balochistan: A Case Study of Pakistan's Peacemaking Praxis (Volume III)", in Rita Manchanda (ed.), _SAGE Series in Human Rights Audits of Peace Processes_, SAGE Publications, pp.22–23, ISBN978-93-5150-213-5, Seven months later, on 27 March 1948, Kalat acceded to Pakistan. Whether it was a willing accession or a coerced one is a disputed matter, with pro-state historians arguing that the Khan willingly made the decision to accede, and nationalist scholars maintaining that Balochistan was annexed. However, what is certain is that it was an unpopular decision, and sparked the first revolt led by the Khan of Kalat's brother (see also the next section in this chapter). The Pakistan Army, which had already been sent in to Kalat, put down the rebellion.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud (2019). _Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia_. Oxford University Press. p.143. ISBN9780190914400.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Windfuhr, Gernot (2013). _The Iranian Languages_. Taylor & Francis. pp.635–636. ISBN9781135797041.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Malik, Samaddar (2007). _The Materiality of Politics: Volume 1_. Anthem Press. p.37. ISBN978-1-84331-765-4.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Riemer, Manuel (22 August 1990). _Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58_. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN978-1-349-20942-2.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗* Sheikh, Salman Rafi (2018). _The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977_. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-351-02068-8.
Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed
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