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List of monarchs of Sindh

50 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 1. ↑"Following Alexander's Conquest Of Sindh - I". _The Friday Times_. 1 November 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2026.

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  2. 2. ↑Malkani, K. R. (1997). _The Sindh Story: A Great Account on Sindh_. Sani Hussain Panhwar.

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  3. 3. ↑_Gazetteer of the Province of Sind_. India: Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press. 1907. p.522.

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  4. 4. ↑Wink, André (1991). _Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2_. BRILL. pp.152–153. ISBN9004095098.

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  5. 5. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135

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  6. 6. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7

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  7. 7. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322

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  8. 8. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225

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  9. 9. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146

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  10. 10. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147

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  11. 11. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his _nisbah_ as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from office

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  12. 12. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147

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  13. 13. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200

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  14. 14. ↑In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al

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  15. 15. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230

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  16. 16. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158

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  17. 17. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186

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  18. 18. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759

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  19. 19. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134

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  20. 20. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8

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  21. 21. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.

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  22. 22. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.

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  23. 23. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)

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  24. 24. ↑al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134

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  25. 25. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185

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  26. 26. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480

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  27. 27. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168

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  28. 28. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192

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  29. 29. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446

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  30. 30. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192

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  31. 31. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194

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  32. 32. 1Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463

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  33. 33. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109

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  34. 34. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195

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  35. 35. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137

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  36. 36. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168

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  37. 37. 1Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463

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  38. 38. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135

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  39. 39. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135

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  40. 40. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175

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  41. 41. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189

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  42. 42. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231

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  43. 43. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father Musa

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  44. 44. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)

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  45. 45. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219

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  46. 46. ↑"Chapter No. 1: History and Geography of al-Mansurah". Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2014.

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  47. 47. ↑Siddiqui, Dr. Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule". _Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh_.

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  48. 48. ↑Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). _The History and Culture of the Indian People_. Vol.VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p.224.

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  49. 49. ↑_History of Delhi Sultanate_ by M.H. Syed (p. 240), 2005 ISBN81-261-1830-X, 9788126118304.

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  50. 50. ↑, Britannica.

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