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Mahmud of Ghazni

217 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 1. ↑Munj is situated 14 miles north-east of Etawah. It is identified with Majhawan and Jafarabad73

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  2. 2. ↑The river of Nur and Qirat flows in the modern Kafiristan

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  3. 1. ↑Mikaberidze 2011, p.543.

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  4. 2. ↑Nazim 1931, p.165.

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  5. 3. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.53.

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  6. 4. ↑Nazim 1931, p.36.

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  7. 5. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.46 transl.Friend of the Commander of the Faithful

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  8. 6. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.164–165.

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  9. 7. ↑Wink 1991, p.321.

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  10. 8. ↑Nazim 1931, p.164.

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  11. 9. ↑"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazna". _ArchNet_. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2022.

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  12. 10. 1Nazim 1931, p.152

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  13. 11. ↑Al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2014). _Siyar Aʿlam al-Nubalaʾ_ (Resalah Publishers, 30 volumes ed.). Beirut: Resalah Publishers. pp.486–487. ISBN9789933446659.

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  14. 12. ↑Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). _The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum_. D.K. Printworld. p.39. ISBN978-81-246-0015-3. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2021.

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  15. 13. ↑Grousset 1970, p.146

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  16. 14. ↑"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazni". _Encyclopedia Britannica_. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

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  17. 15. ↑Panhwar 2003, p.47, Chapter 6 "In the thirty-two years of his reign he made thirty-five major and eleven minor invasions,

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  18. 16. ↑Nazim 1931, p.170 "As a conqueror, he stands conspicuous among the greatest warriors of the world; for, throughout the long period of thirty-three years of active warfare, he never was beaten."

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  19. 17. ↑Habib 1965, p.13 "But contemporaries were too dazzled with the genius of the man, who never lost a battle during forty years of ceaseless warfare, to discover the impermanence of his work. To posterity, on the other hand, Mahmud became a legend and a name."

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  20. 18. 1Meri 2005, p.294

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  21. 19. ↑Chintaman Vinayak, Vaidya (23 October 2016). "History Of Mediæval Hindu India Vol 3". _Internet Archive_. p.15. Retrieved 23 November 2025.

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  22. 20. ↑Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (15 December 1988). "BARSḴĀN". _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Retrieved 5 September 2026.

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  23. 21. ↑Bosworth 1991, p.65

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  24. 22. 1Bosworth 2012

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  25. 23. ↑Nazim & Bosworth 1991, p.915

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  26. 24. 1Bosworth 2012b

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  27. 25. ↑Nazim 1931, p.48

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  28. 26. ↑Asimov 1998, p.100

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  29. 27. 1Auer 2023

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  30. 28. ↑Irwin, H. C. (1880). _The Garden of India Or Chapters on Oudh History_. London: Asian Educational Services. p.68. ISBN9788120615427.

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  31. 29. ↑Ritter 2003, pp.309–310

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  32. 30. 1Nazim 1931, pp.30–31, 36–37

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  33. 31. 1Nazim & Bosworth 1991, p.65

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  34. 32. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.45

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  35. 33. ↑Bosworth 1983, pp.303–304

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  36. 34. ↑Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, J. A. (1968). _The Cambridge History of Iran_. Vol.5. Cambridge University Press. p.2. ISBN978-0-521-06936-6.

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  37. 35. 1Frye 1975, p.169

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  38. 36. 1Nazim 1931, pp.42–47

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  39. 37. ↑Asimov 1998, p.99

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  40. 38. ↑Frye 1975, p.170

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  41. 39. ↑"Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh". _IEEE Reach_. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD

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  42. 40. ↑Frye 1975, pp.134–135

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  43. 41. 1Bosworth 1963, p.89

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  44. 42. 1Nazim 1931, pp.96–99, Relations with the Ruler of Multan

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  45. 43. ↑Habib 1965, p.27

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  46. 44. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.47–56

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  47. 45. ↑"An Indian Embassy before Sultan Mahmud of Ghanzna, from the "Majmal al-Tawarikh" of Hafiz-e Abru". _worcester.emuseum.com_. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

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  48. 46. ↑Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.80. ISBN978-0-691-18074-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

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  49. 47. ↑Saunders 1947, p.162

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  50. 48. 1Mishra 1972, pp.117–118, 124

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  51. 49. 1Rehman 1976, p.143

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  52. 50. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.87–88, Battle of Peshawar and Waihand

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  53. 51. 1Nazim 1931, p.101 "The Sultan stayed there for some time to subjugate the outlying parts of the kingdom of Bhatinda and appointed teachers to instruct the converts in the rudiments of Islam."

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  54. 52. 1Rehman 1976, pp.151–154

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  55. 53. 1Nazim 1931, pp.101–102

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  56. 54. 1Mishra 1972, p.164

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  57. 55. 1Nazim 1931, p.104

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  58. 56. 1Rehman 1976, pp.159–161

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  59. 57. ↑Barnett 1999, pp.74–78

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  60. 58. 1Rehman 1976, p.162

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  61. 59. ↑Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp.3–4

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  62. 60. 1Mohibbul Hasan (2005). _Kashmīr Under the Sultāns pp31_. 31: Aakar Books. p.352. ISBN9788187879497.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)

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  63. 61. 1F.M. Hassnain (1977). _Hindu Kashmīr pp74_. 74: Light & Life Publishers. p.138.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)

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  64. 62. ↑Rafiqi, Abdul Qaiyum (October 1972). "Chapter 1". _Sufism in Kashmir from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century_ (Thesis). Australian National University. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2021.

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  65. 63. ↑Bakshi, Gajrani & Singh 2005, p.76

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  66. 64. 1Haig 1928, p.22

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  67. 65. ↑Mishra 1972, p.196

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  68. 66. 1Nazim 1931, p.106

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  69. 67. 1Majumdar 1966, p.13

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  70. 68. 1Nazim 1931, p.107

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  71. 69. 1Nazim 1931, pp.107–108

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  72. 70. ↑Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). _The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum_. D.K. Printworld. p.38. ISBN978-81-246-0015-3. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2021.

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  73. 71. ↑Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (2003). _The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1_. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p.60. ISBN978-81-208-1994-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2021.

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  74. 72. ↑Nazim 1931, p.108

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  75. 73. ↑Nazim 1931, p.1931.

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  76. 74. 1Nazim 1931, pp.109–110

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  77. 75. 1Majumdar 1966, pp.16–17

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  78. 76. 1Mishra 1972, p.208

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  79. 77. ↑Majumdar 1966, p.18

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  80. 78. ↑Munshi 1952, p.36

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  81. 79. ↑Pratipal Bhatiya 1970, p.353

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  82. 80. ↑Panikkar 1947, pp.144–145

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  83. 81. 1Panhwar 2003, p.49

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  84. 82. ↑Panhwar 2003, p.53

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  85. 83. ↑Nazim 1931, p.121

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  86. 84. 1Baumer, Christoph (30 May 2016). _The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols_. Bloomsbury. pp.207–208. ISBN978-1838609399. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2020. In 1026, warriors of the Jats, the indigenous population of Sindh, inflicted heavy losses on Mahmud's army when he retreated from Somnath to Multan. Mahmud returned a year later to take revenge on the Jats, who had been stubbornly resisting forced Islamisation since the eighth century. As the contemporary writer Gardizi reports, Mahmud had 1,400 boats built; each boat was to carry 20 archers and be equipped with special projectiles that could be filled with naphtha. Mahmud's fleet sailed down the Jhelum and then the Indus, until it met the Jat fleet. Although the Jats had far more boats than Mahmud, their fleet was set ablaze and destroyed.

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  87. 85. ↑Khan 2007, p.66

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  88. 86. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One_. Har-Anand Publications. pp.19–20. ISBN978-81-241-1064-5. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

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  89. 87. ↑Lal, Kishori Saran (1973). _Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India: A. D. 1000 - 1800_. Research. pp.211–217. ISBN978-0-88386-298-8. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.

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  90. 88. ↑Heathcote 1995, p.6

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  91. 89. ↑Anjum 2007, p.234

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  92. 90. ↑Raza 2016, pp.158–159

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  93. 91. ↑Raza 2016, pp.159–161

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  94. 92. 1Nazim 1931, p.74, Sultan Mahmud and the Ruler of Qusdar

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  95. 93. ↑Nazim 1931, p.29 "During the first year or two after his accession, Subuktigin added Bust and Qusdar to his kingdom and then turned his attention to India."

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  96. 94. 1Nazim 1931, pp.60–62, Conquest of Gharshistan

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  97. 95. 1Nazim 1931, pp.56–60, The Ma'mūnids and the Conquest of Khwārizm and Jurjāniyyah

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  98. 96. 1Nazim 1931, pp.74–75, Conquest of the Valleys of the Rivers Nur and Qirat

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  99. 97. 1Nazim 1931, pp.53–54

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  100. 98. ↑Nazim 1931, p.55

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  101. 99. ↑Tetley 2008, p.64

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  102. 100. ↑Asimov 1998, p.101

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  103. 101. ↑Tetley 2008, p.65

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  104. 102. ↑Fisher & Boyle 1968, p.18

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  105. 103. ↑Frye 1975, pp.189–190

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  106. 104. 1Nazim 1931, pp.63–65

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  107. 105. ↑Frye 1975, p.175

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  108. 106. 1Nazim 1931, pp.80–85

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  109. 107. 1Bosworth 1963, pp.74, 84, 234

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  110. 108. ↑Nazim 1931, p.83

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  111. 109. ↑Agra Fort Museum notice

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  112. 110. 1Nazim 1931, p.123

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  113. 111. ↑Nazim 1931, p.124

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  114. 112. ↑For a relatively recent photograph see: "Islam across the Oxus (Seventh to Seventeenth Centuries)". _Islam and Asia: A History_. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 2020. pp.10–41. doi:10.1017/9781316226803.004. ISBN978-1-107-10612-3. S2CID238121625.

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  115. 113. ↑Williams, Teri (3 May 2021). "The Lost Splendour of Ghazni". _Edinburgh University Press_. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

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  116. 114. ↑Starr, S. Frederick (2 June 2015). _Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane_. Princeton University Press. p.372. ISBN978-0-691-16585-1.

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  117. 115. ↑Nazim 1939, p.67

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  118. 116. ↑Ziad 2016, pp.627–628 "Mahmud's second campaign into Hindustan, from September 1001 to April 1002, resulted in the annexation of Peshawar and Udabhandapura (the eastern capital of the Hindu Shahis on the Indus River, near present-day Attock). The Hindu Shahis quickly abandoned their capitals, and Gandhara was brought into the Ghaznavid fold."

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  119. 117. 1Nazim 1939, pp.68–69

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  120. 118. ↑Blank 2001, p.37

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  121. 119. ↑Hanifi 1964, p.21

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  122. 120. ↑Daftary 2005, p.68

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  123. 121. 1Barua 2005, p.27

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  124. 122. ↑Nazim 1931, p.233

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  125. 123. ↑Nazim 1931, p.234

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  126. 124. ↑Chandra 2006, p.18

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  127. 125. ↑Barua 2005, p.27

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  128. 126. ↑Mishra 1972, p.196 "The progress of the Sultan through the Doab was a round of sieges, assaults and victories following each other in quick succession. He covered the following in this campaign: Sirsawa, Baran (Bulandshahr), Mahaban, Mathura, Kanauj, Munj, Asi (or Asai), and Sharwa."

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  129. 127. ↑Kumar 2008, p.127

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  130. 128. ↑Haig 1928, p.23 "These precautions enabled his army to cross the desert without mishap, and on its reaching Ajmer, or rather the Chauhan capital of Sambhar, for the modern city of Ajmer was not then built, the raja fled and the invaders plundered the city and slew many Hindus, but did not attempt the reduction of the fortress."

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  131. 129. ↑Haig 1928, p.24 "Two days' march from Somnath stood the town of Dewalwara, the inhabitants of which, secure in the protection of the god, had refused to seek safety in flight and paid for this misplaced confidence with their lives."

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  132. 130. ↑Haig 1928, pp.23–24 "From Sambhar the army marched towards Anhilvara, now known as Patan, in Gujarat, capturing on its way an unnamed fortress which furnished it with water and supplies. … On his way thither Mahmüd captured several small forts and in the desert of Kathiawar encountered a force of 20,000, apparently part of Bhimdeo's army, which he defeated and dispersed"

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  133. 131. 1Bakshi, Gajrani & Singh 2005, p.18

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  134. 132. 1Nazim 1931, p.159

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  135. 133. ↑Al-Dhahabi, _Siyar Aʿlām al‑Nubalāʾ_, vol. 17, Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1997, pp. 492–493 (Arabic).

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  136. 134. ↑Frye 1975, p.183.

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  137. 135. ↑Habib 1965, p.20

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  138. 136. ↑Ibn ʿAsākir 1995, p.226

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  139. 137. ↑Al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2014). _Siyar Aʿlam al-Nubalaʾ_ (Resalah Publishers, 30 volumes ed.). Beirut: Resalah Publishers. p.486. ISBN9789933446659.

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  140. 138. ↑Al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (2014). _Siyar Aʿlam al-Nubalaʾ_ (Resalah Publishers, 30 volumes ed.). Beirut: Resalah Publishers. p.487. ISBN9789933446659.

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  141. 139. ↑Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi Al Din (2021). _Bayan Talbis Al-Jahmiyyah_ (King Fahd Edition, 7 volumes ed.). Saudi Arabia: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Call and Guidance King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qu'an General Secretariat. p.632. ISBN979-8758338278.

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  142. 140. ↑Nazim 1931, p.35

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  143. 141. ↑Nazim 1931, p.160

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  144. 142. ↑Bilimoriya, Jamshedji Hormasji (2018). _Ruka'at-I-Alamgiri: Or, Letters of Aurungzebe, With Historical and Explanatory Notes_. Creative Media Partners. p.107. ISBN9780342369928.

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  145. 143. ↑Nazim 1931, p.130

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  146. 144. ↑Nazim 1931, p.127

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  147. 145. ↑Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). _A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century_. Pearson Education India. pp.49–50. ISBN978-81-317-3202-1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2022. Despite his huge conquests, Mahmud could not, consolidate them with firm hand. He lacked the genius for civil administration, and neither did his reign create any lasting institutions. There were no enduring bonds between the conqueror and the conquered in a state that was built and maintained by force alone.

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  148. 146. ↑Satish Chandra (2006). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)_. Vol.1. Har-Anand Publications. pp.20–21. ISBN978-81-241-1064-5. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2022. He also gave patronage to literary men and poets, such as Firdausi, and carried forward the Persian renaissance which had begun with the Samanids. But he built no lasting institutions which could outlive him

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  149. 147. 1Nazim 1931, p.128

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  150. 148. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.135–137

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  151. 149. ↑Nazim 1931, p.137

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  152. 150. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.137–138

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  153. 151. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.98

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  154. 152. ↑Nazim 1931, p.139

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  155. 153. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.101

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  156. 154. ↑Nazim 1931, p.40

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  157. 155. ↑Tetley 2008, pp.60–61

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  158. 156. ↑Bosworth 1963, pp.126–127

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  159. 157. 1Nazim 1931, p.140

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  160. 158. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.117

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  161. 159. ↑Mikaberidze 2011, p.336

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  162. 160. 1Nazim 1931, p.141

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  163. 161. 1Alam 2004, pp.1463–1464

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  164. 162. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.141–142

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  165. 163. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.142–144

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  166. 164. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.144–145

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  167. 165. ↑Nazim 1931, pp.145–146

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  168. 166. 1Nazim 1931, p.147

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  169. 167. ↑Nazim 1931, p.149

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  170. 168. ↑Nazim 1931, p.150

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  171. 169. ↑Frye 1975, p.183

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  172. 170. ↑Nazim 1931, p.156

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  173. 171. ↑Haig 1928, pp.20–21

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  174. 172. ↑Ibn Qutaiba, Uyunu'l-Akhbar, p.3

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  175. 173. ↑Wink 1991, p.321

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  176. 174. ↑Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.41. ISBN978-0-691-18074-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

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  177. 175. ↑Pollock, Sheldon (1993). "Ramayana and Political Imagination in India". _The Journal of Asian Studies_. **52** (2): 285. doi:10.2307/2059648. ISSN0021-9118. JSTOR2059648. S2CID154215656. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2021.

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