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Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji

58 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 01. ↑_Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor_. London, Hutchinson. 1906. p.169.

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  2. 02. ↑"Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khiljī \| Muslim general". _Encyclopedia Britannica_. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

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  3. 03. ↑Faruqui, Munis D. (2005). "Review of The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205–1576)". _The Sixteenth Century Journal_. **36** (1): 246–248\. doi:10.2307/20477310. ISSN 0361-0160. JSTOR 20477310. Hussain argues

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  4. 04. ↑Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2003). _The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205–1576)_. New Delhi: Manohar. p.27\. ISBN 9788173044823.

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  5. 05. ↑_Know Your State West Bengal_. Arihant Experts. 2019. p.15\. Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.

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  6. 06. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)_. p.226\. Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.

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  7. 07. ↑_Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections_. BRILL. 17 August 2020. p.237\. ISBN 978-90-04-43736-4.

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  8. 08. ↑Majumdar, R. C. (1973). _History of Mediaeval Bengal_. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp.1–2\. OCLC 1031074. Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal

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  9. 09. ↑Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986) \First published 1979\. _Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India_. Vol.I (2nded.). Sterling Publishers. pp.81–82\. ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0. OCLC 883279992. The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji

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  10. 10. ↑Thakur, Amrendra Kumar (1992). _India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D_. Janaki Prakashan. p.148\. ISBN 9788185078687.

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  11. 11. ↑Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). _Bangladesh: Past and Present_. APH. p.59\. ISBN 9788176484695.

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  12. 12. ↑Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996). _The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760_. University of California Press. pp.28–34\. ISBN 9780520205079.

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  13. 13. Jump up to: 1 2 3Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). _Handbook of Oriental Studies_. BRILL. p.150\. ISBN 90-04-12556-6. Nalanda, together with the colleges at Vikramasila and Odantapuri, suffered gravely during the conquest of Bihar by the Muslim general Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji between A.D. 1197 and 1206, and many monks were killed or forced to flee.

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  14. 14. ↑Arnold, Sir Thomas Walker (1896). _The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith_. Archibald Constable and Co. pp.227–228.

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  15. 15. ↑Hindu-Muslim Relations in Bengal, 1905–1947: Study in Cultural Confrontation, Page 11, Nachiketa Publications, 1974, Hossainur Rahman

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  16. 16. ↑"Ancient Nalanda University's Ruins \| District Nalanda, Government of Bihar \| India". Retrieved 22 June 2024.

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  17. 17. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath (1943). "The Muslim Conquest of Bengal". _The History of Bengal_. Vol.II. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation. p.3.

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  18. 18. ↑Jha, DN (1 June 2018). "The destruction of ancient Buddhist sites". _The Caravan_. Retrieved 2 March 2025.

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  19. 19. ↑Salam, Ziya Us (18 July 2024). "Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda's lost glory and new-found ambitions". _The Hindu_. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2024.

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  20. 20. Jump up to: 1 2Sengupta, Nitish K. (1 January 2011). _Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib_. Penguin Books India. pp.63–64\. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.

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  21. 21. Jump up to: 1 2Gill, William John; Yule, Henry (2010). _The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah_. Cambridge University Press. p.43\. ISBN 978-1-108-01953-8.

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  22. 22. ↑Sirāj, Minhāju-s (1881). _Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām_. Bibliotheca Indica #78. Vol.1\. Translated by Henry George Raverty. Calcutta, India: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington). p.548.

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  23. 23. ↑Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). _History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D._ Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p.28\. ISBN 81-269-0123-3. Retrieved 23 August 2010. The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court

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  24. 24. ↑Oberling, Pierre (15 December 2010). "ḴALAJ i. TRIBE". _Encyclopaedia Iranica_. Retrieved 4 July 2020. Indeed, it seems very likely that \the Khalaj\ formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name \Ghilji\ being derived from Khalaj.

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  25. 25. ↑Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1966). _The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D._ (Seconded.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p.98\. OCLC 575452554. His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non-Turks by Turks.

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  26. 26. ↑Eraly, Abraham (2015). _The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate_. Penguin Books. p.126\. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8. The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks.

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  27. 27. ↑Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). _History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D._ Atlantic. p.28\. ISBN 81-269-0123-3. The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi

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  28. 28. ↑Nizami 1970, p.171.

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  29. 29. Jump up to: 1 2Nizami 1970, p.172.

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  30. 30. ↑Bhandare, Shailendra (2020). "Transregional Connections: The 'Lion and Sun' Motif and Coinage between Anatolia and India". In Peacock, A. C. S.; McClary, Richard Piran (eds.). _Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections_. BRILL. p.237\. ISBN 978-90-04-43736-4.

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  31. 31. Jump up to: 1 2Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. pp.115–117\. ISBN 978-0-691-18074-8.

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  32. 32. ↑Goron, Stan; Goenka, J. P.; Robinson (numismatist.), Michael (2001). _The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh_. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-1010-3. Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse: legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204

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  33. 33. ↑Kundra, D. N.; Prakashan, Goyal Brothers (2019). _I.C.S.E. History & Civics for Class IX_. Goyal Brothers Prakashan. p.176\. ISBN 978-93-88676-77-9.

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  34. 34. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) \First published 1948\. _The History of Bengal_. Vol.II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p.3\. OCLC 924890. Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, _i.e._ 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.

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  35. 35. ↑Roy, Himanshu (30 August 2021). _Political Thought in Indic Civilization_. SAGE Publishing India. p.6\. ISBN 978-93-5479-159-8. After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions

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  36. 36. Jump up to: 1 2Wink, André (2002). _Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries_. BRILL. pp.146–148\. ISBN 0-391-04174-6.

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  37. 37. ↑Salam, Ziya Us (18 July 2024). "Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda's lost glory and new-found ambitions". _The Hindu_. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2024.

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  38. 38. ↑The Wire (2 February 2024). _Indians \| Ep 5: Nalanda and the Decline of Buddhism \| A Brief History of a Civilization_. Retrieved 20 July 2024– via YouTube.

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  39. 39. ↑Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj (1881). _Tabakat-i-Nasiri Vol-I_. London: Gilbert And Rivington. p.557.

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  40. 40. ↑Kalam, Abul, ed. (1996). _Bangladesh: Internal Dynamics and External Linkages_. University Press Limited. p.311\. ISBN 9789840513352.

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  41. 41. ↑M. Shawkat Ali, S. (1965). _Social History & Political Sociology for Degree Students_. Salma Shawkat via Majid Publishing House. p.93. Retrieved 25 December 2021.

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  42. 42. ↑Tariq Awan, Muhammad (1991). _History of India and Pakistan - Volume 1_. Ferozsons. pp.93–94\. ISBN 9789690100344. Retrieved 25 December 2021.

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  43. 43. ↑Ahmad, Nazimuddin (1980). _Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh_. Department of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. p.6.

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  44. 44. ↑_Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania_ (History / Reference, Asia -- History, Culture, Ethnology -- Encyclopedias -- Asia -- Oceania, Geography, Oceania, World history). Facts On File, Incorporated. 2010. p.99\. ISBN 9781438119137. Retrieved 14 March 2022.

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  45. 45. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) \First published 1948\. _The History of Bengal_. Vol.II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p.8\. OCLC 924890. Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the

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  46. 46. ↑Sen, Amulyachandra (1954). _Rajagriha and Nalanda_. Institute of Indology. Vol.4\. Calcutta: Calcutta Institute of Indology, Indian Publicity Society. p.52\. OCLC 28533779.

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  47. 47. Jump up to: 1 2Eaton, Richard M. (1993). _The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760_. Berkeley · Los Angeles · London: University of California Press. p.Chapter 1–2.

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  48. 48. ↑Khan 2013, p.19

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  49. 49. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath (4 August 2015). "The History Of Bengal Muslim Period 1200 To 1757 Vol IIr". _Internet Archive_. p.83. Retrieved 22 June 2026.

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  50. 50. ↑Khilji Malik

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  51. 51. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One_. Har-Anand Publications. pp.41–43\. ISBN 9788124110645.

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  52. 52. ↑Ichimura, Shōhei (2001). _Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā_. Motilal Banarsidass. p.65 (note 87). ISBN 978-81-208-1798-2.

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  53. 53. ↑Sen, Gertrude Emerson (1964). _The Story of Early Indian Civilization_. Orient Longmans. OCLC 610346317.

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  54. 54. ↑Khan 2013, p.18

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  55. 55. ↑Khan 2013, p.19

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  56. 56. ↑Roy, Sourav (2 May 2024). "Gangarampur \| সম্প্রীতির নিদর্শন, বখতিয়ার খিলজির মাজারে ভিড় হিন্দু-মুসলিমদের"\Gangarampur \| Hindus and Muslims throng Bakhtiyar Khilji's shrine, a symbol of harmony\. _Uttarbanga Sambad_. Retrieved 9 July 2025.

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  57. - Nizami, K. A. (1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Habib, Mohammad; Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (eds.). _A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)_. Vol.5\. People's Publishing House. OCLC 305725.

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  58. - Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (21 October 2013). _The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal_. Kube Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781847740625.

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