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Muhammad of Ghor

169 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 1. ↑Historian Kishori Saran Lal states Govind Rai was struck in the mouth, but does not mention any mortal wounds.39

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  2. 1. ↑Khan 2008, p.38-39.

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  3. 2. ↑Lal 1992, p.27.

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  4. 3. ↑Nizami 1970, p.155-156.

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  5. 4. ↑Flood 2009, p.95.

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  6. 5. 1Habib 1981, p.108.

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  7. 6. ↑Thomas 2018, p.59.

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  8. 7. ↑Nizami 1998, p.181.

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  9. 8. 1Wink 1991, p.138.

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  10. 9. 1Habib 1981, p.109.

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  11. 10. ↑Habib 1981, p.135.

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  12. 11. ↑Thomas 2018, p.47-48.

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  13. 12. 1Bosworth 1968, p.163.

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  14. 13. ↑Habib 1981, p.135-136.

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  15. 14. 1Nizami 1998, p.182.

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  16. 15. ↑Habibullah 1957, p.21.

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  17. 16. ↑Habibullah 1957, p.21-22.

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  18. 17. 1Wink 1991, p.143.

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  19. 18. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.168-169.

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  20. 19. ↑Habibullah 1957, p.22.

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  21. 20. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.37, 147. ISBN0226742210.

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  22. 21. ↑Flood 2009, p.89.

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  23. 22. ↑Jackson 2000, p.210.

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  24. 23. ↑Wink 1991, p.142.

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  25. 24. ↑Hooja 2006, p.262.

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  26. 25. ↑Chandra 2007, p.68.

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  27. 26. ↑Khan 2008, p.116.

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  28. 27. ↑Wink 1991, p.245.

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  29. 28. ↑Hooja 2006, p.261.

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  30. 29. ↑Lal 1992, p.109.

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  31. 30. ↑www.islamicebay.com (1829). _History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Volume 1, 2, 3_. p.95.

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  32. 31. ↑www.islamicebay.com (1829). _History Of The Rise Of The Mahomedan Power In India Volume 1, 2, 3_. p.95. Mahomed only partly performed his promise, by marrying the daughter, upon her embracing the true faith; but he made no scruple to depart from his engagements with the mother; for instead of trusting her with the country, he sent her to Ghazni, where she afterwards died of sorrow and disappointment. Nor did the daughter long survive, for in the space of two years she also fell a victim to grief. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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  33. 32. ↑Nizami 1970, p.156.

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  34. 33. ↑Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). _Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām_. Gilbert & Rivington. pp.453–454.

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  35. 34. 1Nizami 1970, p.158.

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  36. 35. ↑Habib 1981, p.112.

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  37. 36. ↑Wink 1991, p.144.

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  38. 37. ↑Khan 2008, p.141-142.

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  39. 38. ↑Khan 2008, p.102.

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  40. 39. ↑Lal 1992, p.111.

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  41. 40. ↑Roy 2004, p.41.

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  42. 41. ↑Ray 2019, p.42.

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  43. 42. ↑Habib 1981, p.113.

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  44. 43. ↑Roy 2004, p.40–42: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Muhammad had raised 120,000 cavalry"

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  45. 44. ↑Lal 1992, p.110.

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  46. 45. ↑Lal 1992, p.110-111.

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  47. 46. ↑Nizami 1970, p.162.

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  48. 47. ↑Wink 1991, p.145-146.

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  49. 48. 1Wink 1991, p.145.

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  50. 49. ↑Chandra 2006, p.25.

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  51. 50. 1Wink 1991, p.109, 141.

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  52. 51. ↑Singh, R. B. (1964). _History of the Chāhamānas_. Varanasi: N. Kishore. pp.199–202, 461.

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  53. 52. ↑Singh 1964, p.199-202.

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  54. 53. ↑Eaton 2000, p.108: "From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain"

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  55. 54. ↑Sharma 1959, p.87.

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  56. 55. ↑Sharma 1959, p.100.

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  57. 56. ↑Chandra 2006, p.26-27.

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  58. 57. ↑Kumar 2002, p.9.

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  59. 58. 1Chandra 2006, p.27.

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  60. 59. ↑Thomas 2018, p.63.

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  61. 60. ↑Kumar 2002, p.20.

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  62. 61. ↑Habib 1981, p.117.

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  63. 62. ↑Khan 2008, p.17,105.

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  64. 63. ↑Chandra 2006, p.36.

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  65. 64. ↑Chandra 2007, p.71.

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  66. 65. ↑Saran 2001, p.119.

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  67. 66. 1Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). _Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began_. Getty Publications. p.11. ISBN978-1-60606-616-4. And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth

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  68. 67. ↑Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). _Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began_. Getty Publications. p.74. ISBN978-1-60606-616-4.

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  69. 68. ↑Ray 2019, p.44:"Shihabuddin again came to India in 1195-1196. This time he attacked Biyana, Kumarpal king of Bayana was a Rajput of the Yaddo Bhatti sect. Once the attack of Shihabuddin started, the king went to Thankar and camped there. After some time, he was forced to submit. Bahauddin Turghil was given the charge of Thankar"

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  70. 69. ↑Hooja 2006, p.276:"Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir informs us that in the year 592 of the Hijri calendar (i.e. AD 1196), Muhammad bin-Sam Ghori, and his lieutenant Qutb-ud-din Aibak marched towards Thangar Tahangarh. Thereafter, noted Nizami, that centre of idolatry became the abode of God's glory, following the taking of the hitherto impregnable fortress and the defeat of the local ruler, Kunwarpal (Kumarapal), whose life was spared. The administration of the fort and area around it was then conferred on Baha-ud-din Tughril by the Sultan. In a like manner, the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri records that Sultan Ghazi Muizzuddin conquered the fortress of Thankar Tahangarh in the country of Bayana, and after dealing with the Rai i.e. Raja, gave the governance of it into the hands of Baha-ud-din Tughril. The latter improved the condition of the land so much that merchants and men of credit came to it from ma

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  71. 70. ↑Nizami 1970, p.171: "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin"

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  72. 71. ↑Khan 2008, p.33.

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  73. 72. ↑Saran 2001, p.121.

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  74. 73. ↑Habib 1992, p.41-42.

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  75. 74. ↑Habib 1981, p.117-118.

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  76. 75. 1Habib 1981, p.118.

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  77. 76. 1Habibullah 1957, p.23.

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  78. 77. ↑Habib 1981, p.119.

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  79. 78. 1Habibullah 1957, p.24.

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  80. 79. 1Nizami 1998, p.185.

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  81. 80. ↑Habib 1992, p.43.

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  82. 81. ↑Habibullah 1957, p.25.

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  83. 82. ↑Habib 1992, p.43-44.

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  84. 83. ↑Habib 1992, p.44:"At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A. H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)"

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  85. 84. ↑Flood 2009, p.94.

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  86. 85. ↑Flood 2009, pp.106, 289.

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  87. 86. ↑Flood 2009, p.106-107.

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  88. 87. 1Habib 1992, p.45.

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  89. 88. ↑Ray 2019, p.53-54.

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  90. 89. ↑Biran 2005, p.68.

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  91. 90. ↑Habib 1981, p.132-133.

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  92. 91. 1Nizami 1998, p.184.

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  93. 92. ↑Habib 1992, p.46.

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  94. 93. ↑_Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor_. London, Hutchinson. p.166.

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  95. 94. ↑Nizami 1970, p.178.

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  96. 95. ↑_Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir_. p.90.

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  97. 96. ↑Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). _Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām_. Gilbert & Rivington. pp.481–482.

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  98. 97. ↑Biran 2005, p.69.

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  99. 98. ↑Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). _Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām_. Gilbert & Rivington. p.483.

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  100. 99. ↑Nizami 1970, p.212-213.

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  101. 100. ↑Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj (1881). _Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muḥammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals Into Islām_. Gilbert & Rivington. p.486.

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  102. 101. ↑_Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir_. pp.92–93.

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  103. 102. ↑_Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir_. p.93. It is claimed that it was the Isma'ilis who killed him because they feared his expedition into Khurasan. He had an army that was besieging one of their fortresses, as we have related.

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  104. 103. ↑_Bibliotheca Indica_. Asiatic Society. 1881. p.485.

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  105. 104. ↑_Al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh by Ibn Athir_. p.93. Some troublemakers, people of Ghazna, came and said to the mamlukes, 'Fakhr al-Din al-Razi killed your master, because he 1s the one who sent the assassins, instigated by Khwarazm Shah. They rose up against him, meaning to kill him, but he fled and sought Muayyad al-Mulk, the vizier. After he had told him of his situation, the vizier sent him secretly to a safe place.

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  106. 105. ↑Habib 1981, p.145.

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  107. 106. ↑Nizami 1970, p.200.

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  108. 107. 1Thomas 2018, p.64.

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  109. 108. ↑Habib 1981, p.145-146.

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  110. 109. ↑Nizami 1970, p.201.

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  111. 110. 1Wink 1991, p.188.

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  112. 111. ↑Khan 2008, p.17.

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  113. 112. ↑C. E. Bosworth (1998). "The Seljuk and the Khwarazm Shah". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). _History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century: (part one) The historical, social and economic setting_. UNESCO. p.171. ISBN978-92-3-103467-1.

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  114. 113. ↑Thomas 2018, p.65.

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  115. 114. ↑Alka Patel (2017). "Periphery as Centre: The Ghurids between the Persianate and Indic Worlds". In Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah (eds.). _The Coming of the Mongols_. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.22. ISBN978-1788312851.

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  116. 115. ↑Habib 1992, p.47.

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  117. 116. ↑Khan 2008, p.77.

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  118. 117. ↑Nizami 1970, p.198-199.

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  119. 118. ↑Kumar 2006, p.83-84.

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  120. 119. ↑Kumar 2006, p.86.

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  121. 120. ↑Kumar 2006, p.90-91.

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  122. 121. ↑Kumar 2006, p.92.

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  123. 122. ↑Jackson, Peter (2003). _The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History_. Cambridge University Press. p.31. ISBN978-0-521-54329-3.

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  124. 123. ↑Jackson 2000, p.207.

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  125. 124. ↑David Thomas (2016). "Ghurid Sultanate". In John Mackenzie (ed.). _The Encyclopedia of Empire, 4 Volume Set_. Wiley. ISBN978-1-118-44064-3. At its peak, the Ghurid empire, or perhaps more accurately the region across which its armies campaigned, briefly stretched for over 3000 km from east to west – from Nishapur in eastern Iran to Benares and Bengal and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to Sind

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  126. 125. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) First published 1948. _The History of Bengal_. Vol.II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p.8. OCLC924890. Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the

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  127. 126. ↑Habib 1981, p.144.

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  128. 127. ↑Khan 2008, p.116-117.

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  129. 128. ↑Habib 1981, p.132.

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  130. 129. ↑Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). _A History of India_. Psychology Press. p.167. ISBN978-0-415-32919-4. The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army

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  131. 130. ↑Sugata Bose; Ayesha Jalal (2004). _Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy_. Psychology Press. p.21. ISBN978-0-415-30786-4. It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim sultanate

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  132. 131. ↑Chandra 2007, p.73:"Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam has often been compared to Mahmud of Ghazni. As a warrior, Mahmud Ghazni was more successful than Muizzuddin, having never suffered a defeat in India or in Central Asia. He also ruled over a larger empire outside India. But it has to be kept in mind that Muizzuddin had to contend with larger and better organised states in India than Mahmud. Though less successful in Central Asia, his political achievements in India were greater"

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  133. 132. 1Ray 2019, p.48.

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  134. 133. ↑Chandra 2007, p.84.

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  135. 134. ↑Chandra 2006, p.22.

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  136. 135. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.164.

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  137. 136. ↑Nizami 1970, p.182:"Muizzuddin's contribution to the cultural development of Ghur was not negligible. In fact it was he and his brother, Ghiyasuddin, who brought about a transformation in the culture-pattern of Ghur. He provided facilities to scholars, like Maulana Fakhruddin Razi, to spread religious education in those backward areas and helped in the emergence of Ghur as a centre of culture and learning. He made some note-worthy contribution ín the sphere of architectural traditions also. U. Scretto ascribes a unique type of glazed tile found at Ghazni to the period of Mu'izzuddin"

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  138. 137. 1Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017). "The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi". _Dawn newspaper_. Retrieved 17 July 2025.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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  139. 138. ↑Habib 1981, p.134.

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  140. 139. ↑Saran 2001, p.125.

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  141. 140. ↑Sudha Ramachandran (3 September 2005). "Asia's missiles strike at the heart". _Asia Times_. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

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  142. 141. ↑Flood 2009, p.103.

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  143. 142. ↑Flood 2009, p.104.

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  144. 143. ↑Eaton 2000, p.49-50.

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  145. 144. ↑Flood 2009, p.115-116.

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  146. 145. ↑Kumar 2002, p.30.

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  147. 146. ↑Kumar 2002, p.29-30.

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  148. 147. ↑Flood 2009, p.116.

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  149. 148. ↑Kumar 2002, p.30: "As the hoard evidence from north India confirms, Mu'izzi coins were valued as much as the earlier Rajput currencies and were fully assimilated within an economic world unimpressed with transitions in the political realm"

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  150. 149. ↑Shriparna Saha. "Akshay Kumar starrer biopic on Prithviraj Chauhan to see Sanjay Dutt as Muhammad Ghori?". _NewsNation.com TV website_. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2025.

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  151. * Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). _A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century_. Pearson Education India. ISBN978-81-317-3202-1.

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  152. * Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). _The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.1–202. ISBN0-521-06936-X.

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  153. * Biran, Michael (2005). _The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-84226-6.

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  154. * Chandra, Satish (2006). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One_. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN978-81-241-1064-5.

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  155. * Chandra, Satish (2007). _History of Medieval India:800-1700_. Orient Longman. ISBN978-81-250-3226-7.

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  156. * Eaton, Richard (2000). _Essays on Islam and Indian History_. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-565114-0.

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  157. * Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-12594-7.

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  158. * Hooja, Rima (2006). _A History of Rajasthan_. Rupa & Company. ISBN978-81-291-1501-0.

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  159. * Jackson, Peter (2000). _The Fall of the Ghurid Dynasty_. Brill. ISBN978-90-04-49199-1.

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  160. * Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee; Richard Eaton (eds.). _Slavery and South Asian History_. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-11671-0.

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  161. * Kumar, Sunil (2002). _The Present in Delhi's Pasts_. Three Essays Press. ISBN978-81-88394-00-5.

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  162. * Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). _Historical Dictionary of Medieval India_. Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-5503-8.

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  163. * Lal, Kishori Sharan (1992). _The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India_. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN978-81-85689-03-6.

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