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Nader Shah

150 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

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  1. 1. 1Nader's exact date of birth is unknown but 6 August 1698 is the "likeliest" according to Axworthy, p. 17 (and note) and _The Cambridge History of Iran_ (vol. 7, p. 3); other biographers favour 1688.

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  2. 2. ↑Or **Nadir Shah**. Also known as **Nāder Qoli Beyg** (نادرقلی‌بیگ) or **Tahmāsb Qoli Khan** (تهماسب‌قلی خان)

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  3. 3. ↑Nader's birth name was _Nadr Qoli_, meaning 'slave of the wonderful', "a way of piously dedicating the child to the service of God". It has also been suggested that his birth name was actually _Nazr Qoli_, possibly meaning 'slave of the votive promise', indicating that his father had prayed for a son and named him in thanks. He adopted the name _Nader_ ('rarity, prodigy') when he became shah.9

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  4. 4. ↑The six other tribes were the Shamlu, Rumlu, Ustajlu, Takallu, Dhu'l-Qadar and Qajar.13

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  5. 5. ↑This visit was documented by Tanburi Arutin, musician of the delegation.

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  6. 1. 1Tucker 2006a.

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  7. 2. ↑Colebrooke 1877, p.374.

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  8. 3. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.159, 279.

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  9. 4. 1Axworthy 2006, p.17.

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  10. 5. 1Axworthy 2006, p.34.

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  11. 6. ↑ Iranian Studies, Volume 27, Issue 1-4: Religion and Society in Islamic Iran during the Pre-Modern Era, 1994, pp. 163–179.

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  12. 7. ↑Tucker 2006b.

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  13. 8. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.168–170.

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  14. 9. ↑Axworthy 2006, Chapter 1.

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  15. 10. ↑_Cambridge History of Iran_ Vol. 7, p. 59.

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  16. 11. ↑Elena Andreeva; Louis A. DiMarco; Adam B. Lowther; Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.; Spencer C. Tucker; Sherifa Zuhur (2017). "Iran". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). _Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East: A Country-by-Country Guide_. ABC-CLIO. pp.83–108. ISBN9781440843617. Under its great ruler and military leader Nader Shah (1736–1747), Persia was arguably one of the world's most powerful empire

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  17. 12. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.282–283.

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  18. 13. 1Lockhart 1938, p.17.

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  19. 14. 1Stöber 2010.

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  20. 15. ↑Avery 1991, pp.3–4.

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  21. 16. ↑Lockhart 1938, pp.17–18.

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  22. 17. ↑Axworthy 2006, p.18.

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  23. 18. ↑Azerbaijani, South at _Ethnologue_ (25th ed., 2022)

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  24. 19. ↑Michael Knüppel, E. "TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW". _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Retrieved 28 March 2021. 1.4. Southern-Oghuz. 1.4.1. Afšār. The Afšār language was once spoken in a wide area in western and southwestern Persia from Kermānšāh to the shores of the Persian Gulf.

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  25. 20. 1Axworthy 2006, p.19.

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  26. 21. ↑Lockhart 1938, p.274.

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  27. 22. ↑Avery 1991, p.3.

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  28. 23. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.17–18.

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  29. 24. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.50–51.

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  30. 25. ↑Axworthy 2006, p.52.

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  31. 26. 1Axworthy 2006.

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  32. 27. ↑, p.30.

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  33. 28. ↑This section: Axworthy, pp. 17–56.

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  34. 29. ↑Houtsma & van Donzel 1993, p.760.

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  35. 30. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.57–74.

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  36. 31. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.75–116.

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  37. 32. ↑Allen & Muratov 2011, p.7.

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  38. 33. ↑, p.14.

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  39. 34. ↑Allen & Muratov 2011, p.11.

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  40. 35. ↑, p.76.

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  41. 36. 1Elton L. Daniel, "The History of Iran" (Greenwood Press 2000) p. 94

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  42. 37. ↑Lawrence Lockhart _Nadir Shah_ (London, 1938)

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  43. 38. 1Fisher et al. 1991, p.34.

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  44. 39. ↑Fisher et al. 1991, p.36.

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  45. 40. ↑Fisher et al. 1991, p.35.

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  46. 41. ↑This section: Axworthy, pp. 137–174.

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  47. 42. ↑Fisher et al. 1991, pp.34–36.

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  48. 43. ↑Axworthy 2009, pp.161–162.

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  49. 44. ↑Axworthy 2009, pp.172–173.

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  50. 45. ↑_The Afghan Interlude and the Zand and Afshar Dynasties_, Kamran Scot Aghaie, _The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History_, ed. Touraj Daryaee, (Oxford University Press, 2012), 316.

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  51. 46. ↑Axworthy 2007, p.635–646.

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  52. 47. ↑Steven R. Ward. (2014). _Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces_. Georgetown University Press. p.52. ISBN9781626160323.

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  53. 48. ↑Axworthy, p. 168.

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  54. 49. ↑Tucker, Ernest (January 2022). "Nadir Shah and the Ja'fari Madhhab Reconsidered". _Iranian Studies_. **27** (1–4): 163–179. doi:10.1080/00210869408701825. ISSN0021-0862. Retrieved 3 January 2026.

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  55. 50. ↑Rena, Maksud gizi Mammadova. "POLITICAL AND MILITARY ACTIVITIES OF NADIRSHAH AFSHAR AND HIS REFORMS(BASED ON SOURCES IN PERSIAN LANGUAGE)". _National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan_.

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  56. 51. ↑Kırca, Ersin (30 December 2020). "OSMANLI – İRAN RESMÎ YAZIŞMALARINA GÖRE OSMANLI DEVLETİ'NİN NADİR ŞAH VE CAFERİLİK MEZHEBİNE YAKLAŞIMI (1736-1746)". _Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi_ (in Turkish). **15** (2): 392–408. doi:10.48145/gopsbad.815609. ISSN2564-680X.

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  57. 52. ↑Axworthy 2009, p.76.

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  58. 53. ↑Shapur Shahbazi, 1999 at Encyclopædia Iranica.

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  59. 54. ↑Raghunath Rai. _History_. p. 19 FK Publications ISBN8187139692

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  60. 55. ↑David Marshall Lang (2009) 1957. _Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record_. Columbia University Press. p.142. ISBN9780231937108.

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  61. 56. ↑Axworthy 2009, p.196.

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  62. 57. ↑, p.33.

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  63. 58. 1Dalrymple & Anand 2017, pp.52–60.

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  64. 59. ↑Axworthy 2006, p.8.

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  65. 60. ↑Singh 1963, p.237.

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  66. 61. ↑Axworthy 2006, pp.212, 216.

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  67. 62. ↑Singha, Bhagata (1993). _A History of the Sikh Misals_. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.

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  68. 63. ↑Gupta 1999, p.54.

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  69. 64. ↑Mahajan 2020, p.57.

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  70. 65. ↑Joseph 2016.

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  71. 66. ↑Gandhi 1999, pp.117–118.

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  72. 67. 1Gupta 1999, p.5.

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  73. 68. ↑Singh 1963, p.125.

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  74. 69. ↑"Nadir Shah". _Encyclopædia Britannica_. 12 September 2023.

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  75. 70. ↑Axworthy pp. 1–16, 175–210

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  76. 71. ↑Singh 1963, p.124–125.

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  77. 72. ↑Soucek 2000, p.195.

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  78. 73. ↑Avery 1991, pp.54–55.

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  79. 74. ↑Spencer C. Tucker (2009). _A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East_. ABC-CLIO. p.739. ISBN9781851096725.

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  80. 75. ↑Axworthy 2006, p.240.

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  81. 76. ↑Mendoza, Martha; Alleruzzo, Maya; Janssen, Bram (20 January 2016). "IS Destroys Religious Sites: The oldest Christian monastery in Iraq has been reduced to a field of rubble by IS's relentless destruction of ancient cultural sites". _U.S. News & World Report_. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016.

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  82. 77. ↑This section: Axworthy, pp. 175–274.

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  83. 78. ↑Floor, Willem (July–September 1999). "Richard Tapper's _Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan_". _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ (Book review). **119** (3): 542–544 543. doi:10.2307/605982. JSTOR605982.

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  84. 79. ↑Daniel, Elton L. _The History of Iran_. Greenwood Publishing Group: 2000. p. 90.

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  85. 80. ↑Axworthy 2009, pp.158.

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  86. 81. ↑Tucker 2021, p.14.

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  87. 82. ↑Axworthy 2006, p.274.

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  88. 83. ↑Lee 2022, p.102.

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  89. 84. ↑Lee 2022, pp.102–103.

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  90. 85. ↑Singh 1959, pp.21–22.

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  91. 86. ↑Nejatie 2017, pp.305–306.

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  92. 87. ↑Ronald Grigor Suny (1994). _The Making of the Georgian Nation_. Indiana University Press. p.55. ISBN978-0253209153.

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  93. 88. ↑Hitchins 1998, pp.541–542.

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  94. 89. ↑Fisher et al. 1991, p.328.

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  95. 90. ↑_Encyclopedia of Soviet law_, by Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons, p. 457

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  96. 91. ↑Amanat 2017, p.142.

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  97. 92. ↑Perry 1987.

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  98. 93. ↑Axworthy 2006, p.330.

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  99. 94. ↑Axworthy 2006, p.xvi.

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  100. 95. ↑Axworthy, Michael (2010). _Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant_. Bloomsbury. ISBN9780857733474.

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  101. 96. 1Axworthy 2009, p.11.

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  102. 97. ↑Gordon 1896.

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  103. 98. ↑Dalrymple & Anand 2017, p.48.

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  104. 99. ↑Kaul, R.B. "Ballad on Nadir Shah's Invasion in India", pp. 3–4

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  105. 100. ↑Dalrymple & Anand 2017, p.?.

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  106. 101. ↑Tucker 2006b, p.6.

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  107. 102. ↑Kaul, R.B. "Ballad on Nadir Shah's Invasion in India", p. 16

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  108. 103. ↑Matthee 2018, p.471.

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  109. 104. ↑Axworthy 2009, p.125.

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  110. * Amanat, Abbas (2017). _Iran: A Modern History_. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0300112542.

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  111. * T.E. Colebrooke (April 1877). "On imperial and other titles". _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_. **9** (2): 314–420. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00167784. JSTOR25581272. S2CID162599106.

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  112. * Allen, William Edward David; Muratov, Paul (2011). _Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921_. Cambridge University Press. pp.4–19. ISBN978-1108013352.

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  113. * Axworthy, Michael (2009). _The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant_. I.B. Tauris.

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  114. * Avery, Peter (1991). "Nādir Shāh and the Afsharīd legacy". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.). _The Cambridge History of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic_. Vol.7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.3–62. ISBN0-521-20095-4.

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  115. * Axworthy, Michael (2006). _The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant_. I.B. Tauris. ISBN978-1850437062.

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  116. * Axworthy, Michael (December 2007). "The Army of Nader Shah". _Iranian Studies_. **40** (5): 635–646. doi:10.1080/00210860701667720. S2CID159949082. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.

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  117. * Barati, András (2019). "The Succession Struggle Following the Death of Nādir Shāh (1747–1750)". _Orpheus Noster 11/4_: 44–58. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2021.

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  118. * Browne, Edward G. "An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)". London: Packard Humanities Institute. p.30. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

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  119. * Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2017). _Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond_. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.52–60. ISBN978-1408888827.

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  120. * Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991). _The Cambridge History of Iran_. Vol.7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521200954. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2020.

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  121. * Freygang, Frederika von; Freygang, Wilhelm von (1823). _Letters from the Caucasus and Georgia: To which are Added, the Account of a Journey Into Persia in 1812, and an Abridged History of Persia Since the Time of Nadir Shah_. Harvard University: J. Murray.

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  122. * Gandhi, Rajmohan (1999). _Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History_. Penguin Books. pp.117–118. ISBN978-0140290455.

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  123. * Gordon, T. E. (1896). _Persia Revisited_.

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  124. * Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). _History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–69_. Munshiram Manoharlal. p.54. ISBN978-8121502481.

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  125. * "History of Iran: Afsharid Dynasty (Nader Shah)". _Iran Chamber Society_. n.d. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2022.

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  126. * Hitchins, Keith (1998). "Erekle II". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Vol.VIII/5: English IV–Eršād al-zerāʿa. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.541–542. ISBN978-1-56859-054-7.

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  127. * Houtsma, M. Th; van Donzel, E. (1993). _E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936_. Brill. p.760. ISBN90-04-08265-4.

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  129. * Lockhart, Laurence (1938). _Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly upon Contemporary Sources_. Luzac & Co. Republished 1972 as ISBN978-0404562908.

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  130. * Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (2020). _Modern Indian History_. S. Chand Limited. p.57. ISBN978-9352836192. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023.

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  132. * Perry, John R. (1979). _Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747–1779_. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0226660981.

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  133. * Perry, John R. (1984). "Afsharids". _Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, online ed., Fasc. 6_. New York. pp.587–589.`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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  138. * Stöber, Georg (2010). "Afshār". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). _Encyclopaedia of Islam_ (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN1873-9830.

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  139. * Tucker, Ernest (2006a). "Nāder Shāh". _Encyclopaedia Iranica_.

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  140. * Tucker, Ernest S. (2006b). _Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran_. University Press of Florida. ISBN978-0813029641.

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  142. * Tucker, Ernest (2012). "Afshārids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). _Encyclopaedia of Islam_ (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN1873-9830.

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  144. * Minorsky, Vladimir (1939). "Review of Nadir Shah". _Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London_. **9** (4): 1119–1123. ISSN1356-1898. JSTOR608033.

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  145. * Lee, Jonathan L. (8 March 2022). _Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present_. Reaktion Books. ISBN978-1-78914-019-4.

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  147. * Nejatie, Sajjad (2017). _The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān_ (PhD). University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

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  148. * Matthee, Rudi (2023). "The wrath of God or national hero? Nader Shah in European and Iranian historiography". _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_. **34**: 109–127. doi:10.1017/S1356186322000694.

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  149. * Michael Axworthy, _Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day_ (Paperback) ISBN0-14-103629-X Publisher Penguin (2008)

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  150. * Rota, Giorgio (2020). "In a League of Its Own? Nāder Šāh and His Empire". In Rollinger, Robert; Degen, Julian; Gehler, Michael (eds.). _Short-term Empires in World History_. Springer. pp.215–226.

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