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Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram

187 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

Open the Wikipedia article ↗ · Snapshot retrieved 2026-09-28.

An inventory, not blanket verification

These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

The sourced dossier identifies which accounts support each published claim. Original-language editions, offline books and inaccessible articles remain marked for further assessment.

  1. 1. ↑According to the Thiruvilandur Copper Plate by T. S. Sridhar, Parantaka’s claim of gilding the Chidambaram temple may have involved restoring or enhancing an earlier golden roof. Appar (6th–7th century) and Tirumangai Alvar (mid-8th century) had already described the temple as having a golden structure. Parantaka may therefore have restored the existing golden vimana or added significant new elements to it.\8\

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  2. 2. ↑Dance and performance arts are not unique to Shiva in Hindu texts, including the Tamil literature. Many other deities, including Vishnu, Durga, Krishna, Ganesha, Kartikeya are all envisioned as dancers amongst other things. However, with Shiva the idea is most evolved.\31\

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  3. 3. ↑Sharada Srinivasan states that the Nataraja bronze has roots in 7th- to 9th-century Pallava innovations.\35\

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  4. 001. ↑B. Natarajan; Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran (1994). _Tillai and Nataraja_. Mudgala Trust. pp.24, 255–257, 473–474.

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  5. 002. ↑E Hultsch (1983). _South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra-Chola, and others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur_. Government Press. p.231.

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  6. 003. 1 2Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). _Encyclopedia of Hinduism_. Infobase Publishing. p.107\. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.

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  7. 004. 1 2 3 4Pal 1988, p. 19

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  8. 005. 1 2 3 4James G. Lochtefeld (2002). _The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M_. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.147\. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.

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  9. 006. ↑Donald Frederick Lakh; Edwin J. Van Kley (1993). _South Asia_. University of Chicago Press. pp.1002–1003\. ISBN 978-0-226-46754-2.

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  10. 007. 1 2 3, Encyclopædia Britannica

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  11. 008. ↑"Thiruvindalur Copper Plate (திருவிந்தளூர்ச் செப்பேடு)". _Internet Archive_ (in English and Tamil). Retrieved 21 September 2026.

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  12. 009. 1 2Harle 1994, pp. 292–304, 311–313

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  13. 010. ↑Harle 1994, p. 321

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  14. 011. 1 2Harle 1994, pp. 321-323

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  15. 012. 1 2Pal 1988, p. 36

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  16. 013. ↑Ca Ve 1985

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  17. 014. ↑Tracy Pintchman (2007). _Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition_. Oxford University Press. pp.194–195\. ISBN 978-0-19-803934-1.

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  18. 015. ↑Reddy, 2013, p. 10

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  19. 016. ↑T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Kalyan Kumar Dasgupta. (1971). Elements of Hindu iconography, Volume 1, Part 1. pp.43

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  20. 017. ↑Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2018). "If this is Citambaram-Nataraja, then where is Tillai-Kūttaṉ? An Introspective Reading of Tēvāram Hymns". _History, Culture and Archaeological Studies Recent Trends, Commemoration Volume to Prof. M.L.K. Murthy, Vol. II_: 613–634.

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  21. 018. ↑B., Natarajan (1974). _The city of the cosmic dance: Chidambaram_. Orient Longman. p.14.

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  22. 019. ↑R., Ponnammal. _108 Thennaga Shivasthalangal_ (in Tamil). Giri Trading Agency Private Limited. pp.24–35\. ISBN 978-81-7950-707-0.

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  23. 020. ↑Ayyar 1993, p.204.

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  24. 021. ↑Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1991). _South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders_. Asian Educational Services. pp.108–109\. ISBN 978-81-206-0536-7.

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  25. 022. ↑Urban Infrastructure report (2008). Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan (Report). Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited. p.23.

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  26. 023. ↑"Chidambaram railway routes". Navlinks Indian Railways. 2017.

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  27. 024. ↑John Loud (2004). _The Rituals of Chidambaram_. Institute of Asian Studies. pp.7–8\. ISBN 978-81-87892-20-5.

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  28. 025. 1 2 3 4Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). _A History of India_. Routledge. p.145\. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0.

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  29. 026. 1 2S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1971, pp.3–19.

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  30. 027. ↑Michell, George (1988), _The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms_, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.145–148, ISBN 0-226-53230-5

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  31. 028. ↑, Encyclopædia Britannica

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  32. 029. ↑S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1971, pp.287–305.

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  33. 030. ↑Michell, George (2017). _Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal_. Jaico (Reprinted, Orig Year: 2011). pp.92–93, 101–105\. ISBN 978-81-8495-600-9.

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  34. 031. ↑S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1971, pp.288–289.

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  35. 032. ↑Pal 1988, p. 262

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  36. 033. 1 2Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2000). _The Embodiment of Bhakti_. Oxford University Press. pp.100–101\. ISBN 978-0-19-535190-3.

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  37. 034. ↑T. S, Sridhar (2001). "Thiruvindalur Copper Plate (திருவிந்தளூர்ச் செப்பேடு)". _Internet Archive_ (in English and Tamil). Retrieved 21 September 2026.

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  38. 035. ↑Srinivasan, Sharada (2004). "Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze". _World Archaeology_. **36** (3). Informa UK Limited: 432–450\. doi: 10.1080/1468936042000282726821. S2CID 26503807.

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  39. 036. ↑Dehejia 1990, pp. 97-101

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  40. 037. ↑S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1971, p.3.

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  41. 038. ↑T. S, Sridhar (2001). "Thiruvindalur Copper Plate (திருவிந்தளூர்ச் செப்பேடு)". _Internet Archive_ (in English and Tamil). Retrieved 21 September 2026.

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  42. 039. 1 2 3Culter 1987, p. 50

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  43. 040. 1 2Cort 1998, p. 178

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  44. 041. 1 2Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110

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  45. 042. ↑Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). _A History of India_. Routledge. p.125\. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0.

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  46. 043. ↑S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1979, p.23.

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  47. 044. 1 2 3Dehejia 1990, pp. 99-101

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  48. 045. 1 2S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1971, pp.300–302.

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  49. 046. ↑Harle 1994, pp. 321-326 with figures 252-256

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  50. 047. ↑Michell 1995, pp. 9-10

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  51. 048. ↑Carl W. Ernst (2004). _Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center_. Oxford University Press. p.109\. ISBN 978-0-19-566869-8.

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  52. 049. ↑Sarojini Chaturvedi (2006). _A short history of South India_. Saṁskṛiti. p.209\. ISBN 978-81-87374-37-4.

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  53. 050. ↑Abraham Eraly (2015). _The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate_. Penguin Books. pp.155–156\. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8.

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  54. 051. ↑Vidya Dehejia 2007, p.22.

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  55. 052. ↑Job Thomas (1986). _Tiruvengadu Bronzes_. Cre-A. pp.18–19\. ISBN 9780836420821.

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  56. 053. 1 2R. Nagaswamy (1987), Archaeological Finds in South India: Esālam Bronzes and Copper-plates, Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 1-68

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  57. 054. 1 2George Michell (1993). _Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu_. Marg Publications. pp.4–8, 95–96\. ISBN 978-81-85026-21-3.

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  58. 055. ↑Michell 1995, pp. 14, 78-81, 158

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  59. 056. ↑Donald Frederick Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998). _Asia in the Making of Europe_. University of Chicago Press. pp.1000–1004\. ISBN 978-0-226-46767-2.

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  60. 057. ↑Michell 1995, pp. 220-221

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  61. 058. ↑Arnold Wright (1914). _Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources_. Asian Educational Services. pp.462–463, 495–496\. ISBN 978-81-206-1344-7.`{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help)

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  62. 059. ↑Anand 2004, pp. 149-152

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  63. 060. ↑R., Dr. Vijayalakshmy (2001). _An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam_ (1sted.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. pp.494–5.

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  64. 061. ↑Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu (2007). _Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu_. Chennai: T. Krishna Press. p.53\. ISBN 978-81-7478-177-2.

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  65. 062. 1 2Narayanaswami (April 1987). "Jyothirmaya Mahalingam". _Om Sakthi_ (in Tamil). Coimbatore: Om Sakthi Publications: 34–5.

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  66. 063. ↑மருத்துவர் கைலாசம் சுப்ரமணியம், நவ புலியூர் திருத்தல தரிசனம்!, தினமணி, 22 நவம்பர் 2019

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  67. 064. ↑தில்லை பெருமானால் உபதேசிக்கப்பட்ட நவபுலியூர் தரிசனம், மோட்ச யாத்திரை, சித்தர் பூமி

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  68. 065. ↑Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher; Thomas R. Metcalf (1994). _Perceptions of South Asia's visual past_. American Institute of Indian Studies, New Delhi, Swadharma Swarajya Sangha, Madras, and Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. p.182.

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  69. 066. 1 2Sahai, Surendra (2006). _Indian Architecture: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain_. Prakash Books. p.113.

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  70. 067. ↑Vivek Nanda; George Michell (2004). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. pp.1–17\. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  71. 068. ↑Dehejia 1990, pp. 97-105

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  72. 069. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Vivek Nanda; George Michell (2004). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. pp.12–14\. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  73. 070. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Dehejia 1990, pp. 101-105

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  74. 071. ↑Dehejia 1990, p. 101

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  75. 072. ↑Barrett, Douglas (1964). "James C. Harle: Temple gateways in South India: the architecture and iconography of the Cidambaram gopuras". _Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies_. **27** (2). Cambridge University Press: 462–463\. doi: 10.1017/s0041977x00096063. S2CID 162883647.

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  76. 073. ↑Dehejia 1990, pp. 101-106 with figures

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  77. 074. ↑James C. Harle (1995). _Temple Gateways in South India: The Architecture and Iconography of the Cidambaram Gopuras_. Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Munshiram Manoharlal). pp.91–92\. ISBN 978-81-215-0666-3.

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  78. 075. 1 2 3Gerd Mevissen (2004). Vivek Nanda; George Michell (eds.). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. pp.86–87\. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  79. 076. ↑Encyclopædia Britannica (India) 2000, p. 64.

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  80. 077. ↑James C. Harle (1995). _Temple Gateways in South India: The Architecture and Iconography of the Cidambaram Gopuras_. Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Munshiram Manoharlal). p.52\. ISBN 978-81-215-0666-3.

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  81. 078. ↑Gerd Mevissen (2004). Vivek Nanda; George Michell (eds.). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. p.91 with figure 12. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  82. 079. 1 2Soundara Rajan 2001

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  83. 080. ↑National Geographic 2008, p. 268

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  84. 081. ↑Southern Circle 1903, p. 5

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  85. 082. ↑George Michell (1993). _Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu_. Marg Publications. p.68\. ISBN 978-81-85026-21-3.

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  86. 083. ↑Karen Pechilis (2013). _Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India_. Routledge. pp.228 footnote 51. ISBN 978-1-136-50705-2.

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  87. 084. ↑B. R. Rajam Aiyar (1996). _Rambles in Vedanta_. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.510–512\. ISBN 978-81-208-0912-3.

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  88. 085. ↑Michael Brand (1995). _The Vision of Kings: Art and Experience in India_. National Gallery of Australia. pp.24–25\. ISBN 978-0-642-13039-6.

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  89. 086. 1 2Vivek Nanda; George Michell (2004). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. pp.15, 55–58\. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  90. 087. ↑Vivek Nanda; George Michell (2004). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. pp.125–126\. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  91. 088. ↑T.B. Balusubramanyan (1961), "Chidambaram in Vijayanagara Days," Journal of the Bombay Historical Society, Vol. IV, pages 40-53

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  92. 089. 1 2Ayyar 1993, pp.227–228, 242.

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  93. 090. 1 2Michell 1995, p. 79

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  94. 091. ↑Sundararajan 2003, p. 263

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  95. 092. ↑Dubey 1996, p. 51

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  96. 093. ↑Hüsken 2009, p. 197

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  97. 094. ↑Aiyangar 1991, pp. 217-221

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  98. 095. ↑Michell 1995, pp. 220-223

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  99. 096. ↑George Michell (2013). _Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums_. Roli Books. p.374\. ISBN 978-81-7436-903-1.

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  100. 097. ↑Michell 1995, pp. 222-233

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  101. 098. ↑Michell 1995, pp. 222-223

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  102. 099. ↑David Smith (2003). _The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India_. Cambridge University Press. p.34\. ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8.

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  103. 100. 1 2David Smith (2003). _The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India_. Cambridge University Press. pp.99, 135–138, 2. ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8.

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  104. 101. ↑Vivek Nanda; George Michell (2004). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. p.89\. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  105. 102. ↑H.K. Sastri (2003). _Indian Images Of Gods And Goddesses_. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p.67\. ISBN 978-81-86050-99-6.

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  106. 103. 1 2 3Gerd Mevissen (2002). R Nagaswamy (ed.). _Foundations of Indian Art_. Tamil Arts Academy. pp.61–63.

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  107. 104. 1 2Gerd Mevissen (1996), Chidambaram – N¡ttasabha, Architektur, Ikonographie und Symbolik (in German), Berliner Indologische Studien, 9/10, pp. 345-384

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  108. 105. 1 2 3Gerd Mevissen (2002). R Nagaswamy (ed.). _Foundations of Indian Art_. Tamil Arts Academy. pp.62–63.

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  109. 106. 1 2Gerd Mevissen (2002). R Nagaswamy (ed.). _Foundations of Indian Art_. Tamil Arts Academy. pp.63–64.

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  110. 107. 1 2Vivek Nanda; George Michell (2004). _Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja_. Marg. pp.15–16\. ISBN 978-81-85026-64-0.

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  111. 108. ↑David Smith (2003). _The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India_. Cambridge University Press. pp.99–100\. ISBN 978-0-521-52865-8.

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  112. 109. ↑Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2016). "'Tirukkuḷam' or 'Teppakkuḷam' of South India: 'Jalavāstu'". _Pandanus '16: Nature in Literature, Art, Myth and Ritual_. **10** (2): 83–104.

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  113. 110. ↑Dehejia 1990, p. 100

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  114. 111. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Caṇmukam Meyyappan 1992, pp. 21-22

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  115. 112. ↑C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation. C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre. (2002). Sacred tanks of South India. pp.53. OCLC number:56597817

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  116. 113. 1 2P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). _South Indian Shrines: Illustrated_. Asian Educational Services. p.221.

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  117. 114. 1 2 3Hartmut Scharfe (2002). _Education in Ancient India (Handbook of Oriental Studies Series)_. BRILL. pp.183–184\. ISBN 90-04-12556-6.

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  118. 115. ↑Jack Finegan (1989). _An Archaeological History of Religions of Indian Asia_. Paragon. p.170\. ISBN 978-0-913729-43-4.

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  119. 116. ↑V., Shanmuganathan (2014). _A Remarkable Political Journey_. Prabhat Prakashan. p.121\. ISBN 9788184302578.

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  120. 117. 1 2 3 4 5 6Storl 2004, p. 140

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  121. 118. ↑Subramuniyaswami 2004, p. 848

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  122. 119. 1 2Kulke 2004, p. 145

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  123. 120. ↑Jones 2007, p. 107

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  124. 121. ↑Let's Go, Inc 2004, p. 597

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  125. 122. 1 2Sastri 2002, pp. 2-9

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  126. 123. ↑Rajeshwari Ghose (1996). _The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation_. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. p.288.

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  127. 124. ↑B. Natarajan (1974). _The city of the cosmic dance: Chidambaram, Volume 2 of Southern art series_. Orient Longman. p.128.

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  128. 125. ↑Viravanallur Gopalier Ramakrishna Ayyar (1946). _The Economy of a South Indian Temple: (Sankara Parvati Prize Essay of the Madras University)_. Annamalai University. p.50.

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  130. - Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010). _An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture_. Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 978-81-7536-534-6.

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  131. - Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997). _A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations_. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 978-81-7536-113-3.

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  132. - S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1971), _Early Chola Temples_, Orient Longman, OCLC 221943844

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  133. - S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1979), _Later Chola Temples_, Thomson Press, OCLC 6921015

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  134. - Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). _Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India_. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4.

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  135. - Alice Boner (1990). _Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period_. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0705-1.

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  136. - Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005). _Silpa Prakasa_. Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 978-8120820524.

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