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Qutb ud-Din Aibak

71 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

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  1. 1. ↑J. Babb (25 May 2018). _A World History of Political Thought_. Edward Elgar Publishing. p.473. ISBN978-1-78643-553-8.

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  2. 2. 1Jackson 2003, p.24.

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  3. 3. 1Nizami 1992, p.191.

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  4. 4. 1Jackson 1982, p.546.

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  5. 5. 1Nizami 1992, p.204.

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  6. 6. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.204–205.

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  7. 7. 1Nizami 1992, p.205.

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  8. 8. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.37, 147. ISBN0226742210. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.

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  9. 9. ↑Nizami 1992, p.162.

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  10. 10. ↑Nizami 1992, p.164.

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  11. 11. 1Nizami 1992, p.166.

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  12. 12. 1Nizami 1992, p.167.

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  13. 13. ↑Majumdar 1956, p.142.

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  14. 14. ↑Sharma 1959, p.100.

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  15. 15. 1Majumdar 1956, p.144.

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  16. 16. ↑Majumdar 1956, pp.143–144.

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  17. 17. ↑Singh 1964, p.213.

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  18. 18. ↑Hodivala 1979, p.179.

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  19. 19. ↑Hooja 2006, p.291.

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  20. 20. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.167–168.

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  21. 21. 1Nizami 1992, p.168.

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  22. 22. ↑Satish Chandra (2004). _Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)_. Vol.1. Har-Anand Publications. p.27. ISBN978-8-12411-064-5. The areas of Meerut, Baran (modern Buland sher) and Koli (modern Aligarh) in upper doab had been under the control of Dor Rajputs, had been occupied by the Turks shortly after the battle of Tarain

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  23. 23. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.166–167.

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  24. 24. ↑Chandra 2007, p.71: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed"

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  25. 25. ↑Habib, Mohammad (1981). _Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2_. People's Publishing House. p.116. In the winter of A.D. 1194–1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the Doab. Rai Jai Chand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand idol-temples into house for the Musalmans.

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  26. 26. 1Asher, Frederick M. (2020). _Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began_. Getty Publications. p.11. ISBN978-1-60606-616-4. And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth

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  27. 27. ↑Asher, Frederick M. (2020). _Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began_. Getty Publications. p.74. ISBN978-1-60606-616-4.

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  28. 28. 1Nizami 1992, p.169.

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  29. 29. 1Jackson 2003, p.12.

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  30. 30. ↑Jackson 2003, p.27.

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  31. 31. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.170–171.

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  32. 32. ↑Nizami 1992, p.171.

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  33. 33. ↑Nizami 1992, p.170.

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  34. 34. ↑Nizami 1992, p.172.

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  35. 35. ↑Nizami 1992, p.173.

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  36. 36. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.173–174.

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  37. 37. 1Nizami 1992, p.198.

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  38. 38. ↑Nizami 1992, p.178.

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  39. 39. ↑Nizami 1992, p.179.

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  40. 40. ↑Jackson 2003, p.146.

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  41. 41. 1Nizami 1992, p.201.

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  42. 42. 1Nizami 1992, p.202.

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  43. 43. 1Nizami 1992, p.203.

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  44. 44. 1Nizami 1992, p.197.

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  45. 45. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.197–198.

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  46. 46. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.198–199.

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  47. 47. ↑Nizami 1992, p.199.

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  48. 48. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.200–201.

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  49. 49. 1Jackson 2003, p.28.

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  50. 50. ↑Nizami 1992, pp.205–206.

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  51. 51. 1Nizami 1992, p.206.

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  52. 52. ↑Habib 1982, p.90.

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  53. 53. 1Nizami 1992, pp.206–207.

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  54. 54. 1Nizami 1992, p.207.

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  55. 55. ↑Nizami 1992, p.208.

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  56. 56. ↑Nizami 1992, p.208, 222.

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  57. 57. 1Jackson 2003, p.44.

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  58. 58. ↑Shah, Dr Syed Talha (23 December 2018). "History: The Heritage of the Slave Sultan". Dawn. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

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  59. 59. ↑Siddiqui 2010, p.53.

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  60. 60. ↑Eaton, Richard (2000). _Essays on Islam and Indian History_. Oxford University Press. p.124. ISBN978-0-19-565114-0. Mahmud of Ghazni, for example is said to have destroyed 10,000 temples in Kanauj and 1,000 in Mathura, his grandson in Ibrahim 1,000 in Delhi doab and another 1,000 in Malwa. Aybek 1000 in Delhi, and Muhammad Ghuri another 1,000 temples in Benaras-figures that Hindu nationalists like Sita Ram Goel have accepted at face value

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  61. 61. ↑Wink, Andre (1991). _Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries_. Brill. p.333. ISBN9004102361. We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the latter to the worship of the true God

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  62. 62. 1Jackson 2003, p.20.

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  63. 63. ↑Jackson 2003, p.21.

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  64. 64. ↑_Samrat Prithviraj (2022) ⭐ 5.6 | Action, Drama, History_. Retrieved 13 April 2025– via m.imdb.com.

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  65. * Chandra, Satish (2007). _History of Medieval India:800–1700_. Orient Longman. ISBN978-81-250-3226-7.

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  66. * Hooja, Rima (2006). _A History of Rajasthan_. Rupa & Company. ISBN9788129108906.

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  67. * Habib, Irfan (1982). "Non-Agricultural Production and Urban Economy". In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.). _The Cambridge Economic History of India_. Vol.1, c. 1200 – c. 1750. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-22692-9.

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  68. * Jackson, Peter (2003). _The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-54329-3.

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  69. * Jackson, Peter (1982). "Kutb Al-Din Aybak". In C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; Charles Pellat (eds.). _The Encyclopaedia of Islam_. Vol.5: Supplement (New ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN90-04-06167-3.

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  70. * Sharma, Dasharatha (1959). _Early Chauhān Dynasties_. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN9780842606189.

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  71. * Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain (2010). _Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century_. Primus Books. ISBN978-81-908918-0-6.

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