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Rustam Mirza Safavi

142 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 01. ↑Only Indian sources refer to Rustam and his family as 'Qandahari' (of Qandahar), this may have come from Rustam's attempts at presenting himself as the erstwhile ruler of Qandahar, even though he never held the title. William Finch, English merchant visiting the Mughal court in 1610, distinguishes Rustam Mirza from the other grandees by calling him "late \former\ King of Candhar".\2\

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  2. 02. ↑Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, held the _Shahnameh_ in high esteem, actively promoting its cultural significance. He named all his sons and many of his daughters after characters from the _Shahnameh_ and encouraged a broader societal trend of adopting names from the epic. This practice marked a notable shift in Safavid naming conventions, influenced by the integration of Shiite culture and Turkish and Arabic linguistic elements.\5\

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  3. 03. ↑This claim of _sayyid_ descent, tracing back to the seventh _imam_, Musa al-Kazim, was propagated as early as the mid-15th century through fabricated genealogies.\10\ During the reign of Tahmasp I, the hagiography _Safvat as-safa_, chronicling the life of Safavid progenitor Safi-ad-Din Ardabili, was revised to obscure the dynasty's Kurdish origins and reinforce the _sayyid_ claim.\12\

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  4. 04. ↑Ismail may have been influenced by the 1574 royal purge of Murad III (r.1574–1595), the Ottoman sultan, who executed all of his brothers to secure his throne.\17\ Comparable instances of fratricide or marginalization of princely kin occurred elsewhere in the Turco-Persian world. In the Khanate of Bukhara, Khan Abdul-Mo'min's killing of numerous male relatives failed to stabilize his rule, leading to his assassination in 1598 and the collapse of the Shaybanid dynasty.

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  5. 05. ↑This decision was influenced by the Qandahar elite, who favoured the continued rule of Soltan Hosayn's sons in the region over their relocation to the royal court in Qazvin.\23\

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  6. 06. ↑Ustajlu was Abass' former _lala_ and the main element behind Abass' ascension. He wished to use the new shah as a pawn but was assassinated by Abass' men.\36\ He had a strong network of supporters in Khorasan that were enraged by his assassination and thus began supporting Rustam Mirza.\35\

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  7. 07. ↑The alliance between Rustam Mirza and Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan was informed by a historical precedent referenced in their correspondence.\44\ In 1544, when Mughal Emperor Humayun, displaced by the Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri, sought refuge at the Safavid court of Shah Tahmasp I, he was accompanied by Bairam Khan, a prominent nobleman and the father of Khan-i-Khanan.\45\ During this period, Bairam Khan formed a significant connection with Tahmasp's sister, Mahinbanu Sultan, who, by Tahmasp's decree, remained unmarried in anticipation of her destined union with the Hidden _Imam_, Mahdi.\45\ This relationship, possibly romantic, is suggested in _the Princely Lovers_, a painting attributed to Mirza Ali, created between circa 1540 and 1555.\47\ In their letters, Rustam and Khan-i-Khanan frequently cited this earlier bond as a providential omen, framing their own friendship and partnersh

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  8. 08. ↑An abbreviation to denote the number of _zat_ (infantry)/_sawar_ (cavalry) seconded from the imperial army to a nobleman's command.\50\ At the time of Akbar's reign, the _mansab_ of 5,000 was the maximum and highest rank allowed for non-royal grandees.\51\

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  9. 09. ↑The reception of Rustam Mirza can be compared to that of two Timurid rulers of Badakhshan. In 1575, Suleiman Mirza, a distant relative of Akbar and a Timurid ruler, was personally received by Akbar at the gates of Fatehpur Sikri, an exceptional gesture, when he sought the Mughal emperor's protection. Similarly, in 1584, Mirza Shah Rukh, Suleiman's grandson, fleeing Uzbek pressure in Badakhshan, was escorted to the Lahore court by Prince Daniyal Mirza and Sheikh Ebrahim Chishti, highlighting the ceremonial importance of such receptions.\48\

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  10. 10. ↑Akbar employed a similar strategy in two comparable cases to manage displaced rulers. Yousuf Shah Chak of the Kashmir Sultanate, ousted by the Mughal invasion of 1586, was granted the minor _subahdary_ of Bihar with a modest _sowar_ of 300. Similarly, Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan of Thatta, whose political legitimacy was questioned by Mughal authorities, was elevated to a high status at Akbar's court with a _mansab_ rank of 5,000 and a marriage alliance to a Mughal general's daughter, but was reassigned to the Deccan.\51\

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  11. 11. ↑This painting once belonged to a Mughal emperor, but its exact purpose remains unclear. Islamic art scholar Nur Sobers-Khan suggests that owning a portrait of a rival dynasty may have been a significant achievement for the Mughals. There exists many illustrations of Timur in the company of his descendants, the Mughal emperors (for example, a piece from Padshahnama where Timur offers a crown to Shah Jahan), and this certain genre has been applied in this painting to the Safavid founder and his descendants from the Bahram line.\78\

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  12. 12. ↑English text of the verses:\82\

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  13. 01. 1 2Husain 1999, p.68.

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  14. 02. ↑Ibáñez 2024, pp.46–47.

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  15. 03. ↑Davidson 1985, p.94.

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  16. 04. ↑Seyed Yazdi & Bajlan 2016, pp.109, 113.

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  17. 05. ↑Seyed Yazdi & Bajlan 2016, pp.105, 109–110.

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  18. 06. ↑Davidson 1985, pp.88, 94.

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  19. 07. ↑Mitchell 2006, p.814.

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  20. 08. ↑Maeda 2021, p.130.

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  21. 09. 1 2Ibáñez 2024, p.36.

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  22. 10. ↑Morimoto 2010, pp.447–448.

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  23. 11. ↑Karakaya-Stump 2021, p.53, note. 16.

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  24. 12. ↑Savory 2013.

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  25. 13. ↑Geevers 2015, p.300.

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  26. 14. 1 2Ibáñez 2024, p.37.

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  27. 15. 1 2Geevers 2015, p.304.

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  28. 16. ↑Geevers 2015, p.307.

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  29. 17. ↑Geevers 2015, p.301.

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  30. 18. ↑Geevers 2015, pp.298–302.

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  31. 19. ↑Faruqui 2012, pp.7, 29.

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  32. 20. ↑Geevers 2015, p.302.

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  33. 21. 1 2 3Geevers 2015, p.311.

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  34. 22. ↑Munshi 1978, p. 651.

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  35. 23. 1 2 3Ibáñez 2024, p.39.

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  36. 24. 1 2 3Geevers 2015, p.312.

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  37. 25. ↑Geevers 2015, p.313.

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  38. 26. 1 2 3 4Geevers 2015, p.314.

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  39. 27. 1 2 3Ibáñez 2024, p.40.

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  40. 28. ↑Mir Jafari 1977, p.65.

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  41. 29. 1 2 3Afshar & Sarafrazi 2018, p.199.

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  42. 30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Ibáñez 2024, p.41.

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  43. 31. ↑Mir Jafari 1977, p.17.

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  44. 32. ↑Burton 1995, p.54.

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  45. 33. ↑Burton 1995, p.55.

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  46. 34. ↑Afshar & Sarafrazi 2018, p.200.

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  47. 35. 1 2Ghaffari Fard 1997, p.224.

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  48. 36. ↑Potts 2014, p.232.

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  49. 37. 1 2 3 4Geevers 2015, p.315.

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  50. 38. ↑Ghaffari Fard 1997, p.231.

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  51. 39. ↑Ghaffari Fard 1997, p.232.

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  52. 40. 1 2Singh 2001, p.545.

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  53. 41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Singh 2001, p.546.

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  54. 42. ↑Crill & Jariwala 2010, p.50.

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  55. 43. 1 2 3Ibáñez 2024, p.42.

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  56. 44. 1 2Hejazi 2002, p.101.

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  57. 45. 1 2Soudavar 1992, p.172.

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  58. 46. ↑Blow 2009, p.12.

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  59. 47. ↑Soudavar 1999, p.55.

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  60. 48. 1 2 3 4 5 6Ibáñez 2024, p.43.

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  61. 49. 1 2 3 4Afshar & Sarafrazi 2018, p.201.

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  62. 50. ↑Khan 1998, p.60.

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  63. 51. 1 2 3 4 5Ibáñez 2024, p.44.

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  64. 52. ↑Ibáñez 2024, pp.43–44.

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  65. 53. ↑Beach 1980, p.10-11.

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  66. 54. 1 2Dasti 1998, p.101.

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  67. 55. 1 2 3 4Ibáñez 2024, p.45.

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  68. 56. 1 2 3 4Ibáñez 2024, p.46.

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  69. 57. ↑Geevers 2015, p.316.

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  70. 58. ↑Ibáñez 2024, pp.45–46.

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  71. 59. ↑Khan 1998, p.50–60.

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  72. 60. ↑Jeratha 2000, p.69.

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  73. 61. 1 2Charak 1971, p.24.

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  74. 62. ↑Joshi 1968, p.137.

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  75. 63. ↑Joshi 1968, p.138.

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  76. 64. ↑Joshi 1968, p.139.

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  77. 65. 1 2 3 4Afshar & Sarafrazi 2018, p.203.

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  78. 66. ↑Paliwal 2000, p.306.

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  79. 67. ↑Khan 1981, pp.204–205.

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  80. 68. ↑Naz 2020, p.13.

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  81. 69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11Singh 2001, p.547.

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  82. 70. ↑Beach 1980, p.11.

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  83. 71. 1 2Sinha 1974, p. 42.

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  84. 72. ↑Ahmad 2002, p.287.

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  85. 73. ↑Askari 1944, p.348.

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  86. 74. 1 2Afshar & Sarafrazi 2018, p.205.

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  87. 75. ↑Anwar 1991, p.268.

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  88. 76. ↑Hejazi 2002, p.91.

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  89. 77. 1 2Afshar & Sarafrazi 2018, p.204.

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  90. 78. ↑Sobers-Khan 2014, pp.23–24.

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  91. 79. ↑Joshi 1968, p.151-152.

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  92. 80. ↑Ahmad 1976, p.127.

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  93. 81. ↑Jahan Tab 2001, p.2414.

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  94. 82. ↑Singh 2001, p.574.

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  95. 83. ↑Joshi 1968, p.152.

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  96. 84. ↑Khan 1991, pp.383–385.

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  97. 85. ↑Naz 2020, p.21.

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  98. 86. ↑Geevers 2015, p.317.

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  99. 87. 1 2 3 4 5 6Ibáñez 2024, p.47.

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  100. 88. ↑Mansoori Mughadam, Gholizadeh & Elahi 2022, p.129.

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  101. 89. ↑Mansoori Mughadam, Gholizadeh & Elahi 2022, p.130.

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