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Sabuktigin

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  1. 1. ↑Alternate spellings: Sabuktagin, Sabuktakin, Sebüktegin and Sebük Tigin

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  2. 2. ↑Sabuktigin denotes that his father's title was 'Buruskhan', which means powerful in his language.\8\ According to him, 'Buruskhan' was an altered version of 'Bars Khan' or 'Pars Khan' ("Persian Chief" according to Askari,\9\ and "One who reads Persian" according to Nazim,\8\ implying that his tribe was influenced by Persian culture and rulership.\9\

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  3. 3. ↑This fabrication may have originated from eleventh-century, when Ghaznavids had fully embraced their persianization despite their Turkic roots.\10\

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  4. 4. ↑The circumstances that led to this sudden development are described peculiarly by Utbi: a fountain of supernatural powers was intentionally polluted by Sabuktegin to raise a snowstorm of hellish proportions that blinded Jayapala's men.\23\ Positivist historians understood this to refer to a cataclysmic storm.\24\ However, Ali Anooshahr notes the tale of the storm to reflect the description of Lake Frazdan (modern-day Gaud-i Zira) situated about the same area and its source ocean Fraxkard from the _Greater Bundahishn_ — that Utbi's description of the eastern frontiers was based on letters received by the Court, he proposes that the Zoroastrian myth was still believed by the locals during the conflict and Sabuktegin used the tale to display himself as a hero among his subjects.\25\

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  5. 5. ↑_Iqta_ is an Arabic term for administrative allocation of a land or a tax from an amir or a sultan to soldiers for their military service.\32\

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  6. 6. ↑Sabuktigin's secretary, al-Busti even wrote a verse praising the Hanafi school and the Karramiyya; the text of the verse: "The only true legal system \_fiqh_\ is Abu Hanifa's, just as the only true religious system \_din_\ is Muhammad bin Karam's; Those who, as I observe, disbelieve in Muhammad bin Karam's system are a vile lot indeed."\41\

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  7. 01. ↑Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (15 December 1988). "BARSḴĀN". _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Retrieved 5 September 2026.

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  8. 02. Jump up to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Bosworth 2020.

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  9. 03. ↑Bartold 1928, p.262.

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  10. 04. ↑Bosworth 1962, p.215.

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  11. 05. ↑Bosworth 2011, p.363.

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  12. 06. Jump up to: 1 2 3 4Bosworth 2008b, p.165.

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  13. 07. ↑Duturaeva 2022, p.126.

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  14. 08. Jump up to: 1 2Nazim 2021, p.621.

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  15. 09. Jump up to: 1 2 3Askari 2016, p.173.

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  16. 10. Jump up to: 1 2Bosworth 2022, p.25.

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  17. 11. Jump up to: 1 2 3Bosworth 1963, p.40.

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  18. 12. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.56.

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  19. 13. Jump up to: 1 2 3Bosworth 1985.

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  20. 14. Jump up to: 1 2Golden 2008, p.359.

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  21. 15. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.41.

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  22. 16. Jump up to: 1 2 3 4Petrie 2021, p.83.

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  23. 17. ↑Bosworth 1968, p.35.

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  24. 18. ↑Wink 1990, p.328.

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  25. 19. ↑Wink 1990, p.169.

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  26. 20. Jump up to: 1 2Wink 1990, p.126.

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  27. 21. ↑Rehman 1976, p.135.

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  28. 22. ↑Anooshahr 2006, p.278.

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  29. 23. ↑Anooshahr 2006, p.278–279.

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  30. 24. ↑Anooshahr 2006, p.279.

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  31. 25. ↑Anooshahr 2006, p.289–290.

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  32. 26. ↑Raza 1994, p.786.

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  33. 27. ↑Petrie 2021, p.85.

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  34. 28. Jump up to: 1 2Bosworth 2008b, p.166.

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  35. 29. Jump up to: 1 2 3 4 5 6Khatibi 2015.

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  36. 30. Jump up to: 1 2Raza 2012, p.215.

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  37. 31. ↑Bosworth 2008b, p.168.

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  38. 32. ↑Sato 2006, p.447.

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  39. 33. ↑Kazemi 2022, p.470.

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  40. 34. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.42.

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  41. 35. ↑Kazemi 2022, p.473.

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  42. 36. ↑Kazemi 2022, p.472.

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  43. 37. ↑Kazemi 2022, p.472–473.

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  44. 38. ↑Anooshahr 2006, p.281.

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  45. 39. Jump up to: 1 2Anooshahr 2006, p.285.

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  46. 40. ↑Zysow 2013.

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  47. 41. Jump up to: 1 2Bosworth 1963, p.186.

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  48. 42. ↑Allegranzi, Viola (2017). "Les inscriptions persanes de Ghazni, Afghanistan. Nouvelles sources pour l'étude de l'histoire culturelle et de la tradition épigraphique ghaznavides (Ve-VIe/XIe-XIIe siècles)". _UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE PARIS (Thesis)_: Fig.26 (map with designation of the tomb).

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  49. 43. ↑Golden 2008, p.360.

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  50. 44. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.44.

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  51. 45. ↑Bosworth 1961, p.205.

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  52. 46. ↑Bosworth 2008a, p.8.

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  53. 47. Jump up to: 1 2Bosworth 1963, p.45.

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  54. 48. ↑Bosworth 1963, p.44–45.

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  55. 49. ↑Irwin, H. C. (1880). _The Garden of India Or Chapters on Oudh History_. London: Asian Educational Services. p.68\. ISBN 9788120615427.`{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help)

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  56. 50. Jump up to: 1 2Bosworth 2008b, p.169.

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  57. 51. Jump up to: 1 2Anooshahr 2009, p.83.

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  58. 52. ↑Anooshahr 2009, p.74.

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  59. 53. ↑Anooshahr 2009, p.13.

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  60. 54. ↑Anooshahr 2009, p.22.

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  61. 55. ↑Salehi & Shekari 2013, p.155.

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  62. 56. ↑Inaba 2013, p.80.

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  63. 57. ↑Mukerjee 2006, p.73.

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  64. 58. ↑Puri & Das 2003, p.9.

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  65. - Anooshahr, Ali (2006). "'Utbi and the Ghaznavids at the Foot of the Mountain". _Iranian Studies_. **38** (2). Cambridge University Press: 271–291\. doi: 10.1080/00210860500096337.

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  66. - ——— (2009). _The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods_. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780203886656. OCLC 301328259.

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  67. - Askari, Nasrin (2016). _The Medieval Reception of the Shāhnāma as a Mirror for Princes_. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004307919. OCLC 946967827.

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  68. - Bartold, Vasily (1928). _Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion_. Translated by Gibb, H. A. R. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 165479450

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  69. - Bosworth, C. Edmund (2020). "Sebüktegin". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_ (Onlineed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.

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  70. - Bosworth, C. Edmund (2008a) \1968\. "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). _The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods_. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol.5\. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.1–202\. doi: 10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 9780511467769. OCLC 457145665.

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  71. - ——— (2008b) \1975\. "The Early Ghaznavids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). _The Cambridge History of Iran: From the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs_. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol.4\. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.162–197\. doi: 10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.006. ISBN 9780511467769. OCLC 457145665.

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  72. - ——— (2022) \1978\. "The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connections with the Past". _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_. **11** (1–4). Cambridge University Press: 7–34\. doi: 10.1080/00210867808701538.

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  73. - ——— (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids". _Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies_. **6** (1). Taylor & Francis: 34–44\. doi: 10.2307/4299599. JSTOR 4299599.

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  74. - ——— (1962). "The Titulature of the Early Ghaznavids". _Oriens_. **15** (1). Brill: 210–233\. doi: 10.1163/19606028\_027\_02-13. ISSN 1877-8372.

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  75. - ——— (2011). "The 'Abbasid caliphate and the age of the sultanates". In El Hareir, R.N. Idris; M'Baye, El Hadji Ravane (eds.). _The Spread of Islam throughout the world_. The Different aspects of Islamic culture. Vol.3\. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp.347–375\. ISBN 9789231041532. OCLC 779275979.

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  76. - ——— (1963). _The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994-1040_. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 8121505739. OCLC 3601436.`{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help)

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  77. - Duturaeva, Dilnoza (2022). _Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations_. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004510333. OCLC 1291579575.

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  78. - Golden, Peter B. (2008) \1990\. "The Karakhanids and early Islam". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). _The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia_. The Cambridge History of Inner Asia. Vol.1\. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.343–370\. doi: 10.1017/CHOL9780521243049. ISBN 9780511467639. OCLC 457145604.

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  79. - Inaba, Minoru (2013). "Sedentary Rulers on the Move: The Travels of the Early Ghaznavid Sultans". In Durand-Guedy, David (ed.). _Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life_. Leiden: Brill. pp.75–98\. ISBN 9789004257009. OCLC 860625948.

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  80. - Kazemi, Sajad (2022). "تبیین مسألۀ اقطاع در دورۀ غزنویان (582 ـ 351 ق)"\The iqṭāʿ system in the Ghaznavid period (351-582 AH)\. _Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization_ (in Persian). **54** (2). University of Tehran: 467–480\. doi: 10.22059/JHIC.2021.330892.654280.

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  81. - Mukerjee, Radhakamal (2006) \1958\. _A History of Indian Civilization: Ancient and classical traditions_. New Delhi: Radha Publications. ISBN 9788174874023. OCLC 144450310.

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  82. - Nazim, M. (2021) \1933\. "The Pand-Nāmah of Subuktigīn". _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_. **65** (3). Cambridge University Press: 605–628\. doi: 10.1017/S1356186300500030.

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  83. - Petrie, Cameron (2021). _Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu Basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200_. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781785703041. OCLC 1235279841.

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  84. - Puri, B.N.; Das, M.N. (2003). Chopra, Pran Nath (ed.). _A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India_. Vol.2\. New Delhi: Radha Publications. ISBN 9788120725034. OCLC 58397581.

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  85. - Rehman, Abdur (January 1976). _The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography_ (Thesis). Australian National University. doi: 10.25911/5d74e50054bb9.

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  86. - Raza, Jabir (1994). "The Afghans and their relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids". _Proceedings of the Indian History Congress_. **55**. Indian History Congress: 785–791\. JSTOR 44143455.

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  87. - ——— (2012). "Indian elephants corps under the Ghaznavids". _Proceedings of the Indian History Congress_. **73**. Indian History Congress: 212–222\. JSTOR 44156208.

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  88. - Sato, Tsugitaka (2006). "Land Tenure and Ownership, or Iqta'". In Meri, Josef (ed.). _Medieval Islamic Civilization_. Vol.1\. London: Taylor and Francis. pp.447–450\. ISBN 9781315162416. OCLC 1058566298.

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  89. - Salehi, Korush; Shekari, Fatemeh Amir (2013). "Reasons and Consequences of Ghaznavids' Invasion of India". _Journal of Subcontinent Researches_. **5** (15). University of Sistan and Baluchestan: 153–166\. doi: 10.22111/JSR.2013.1202 (inactive 12 July 2025). ISSN 2538-5062. OCLC 1417781487.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link)

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  90. - Wink, Andre (1990). _Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries_. Vol.1\. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004092495. OCLC 281869985.

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  91. - Zysow, Aron (2013). "Karrāmiya". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). _Encyclopædia Iranica_ (Onlineed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.

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