BROKEN TEMPLESTHE SUBCONTINENT ATLAS
← Research inventory

FOLLOW THE FOOTNOTES

Sarnath

109 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

Open the Wikipedia article ↗ · Snapshot retrieved 2026-09-28.

An inventory, not blanket verification

These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

The sourced dossier identifies which accounts support each published claim. Original-language editions, offline books and inaccessible articles remain marked for further assessment.

  1. 1. ↑Turushka is a word for "Muslim Turkish Mercenaries". Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1980). The Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical handbook. Internet Archive. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 2, 197. ISBN 978-0-85224-402-9.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  2. 1. ↑"Still on UNESCO's "Tentative List of World Heritage"? Heritage, Tourism, and Stunted Growth in Sarnath (Varanasi), India". _Heritage_. 23 June 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  3. 2. 1Samye Translations, "Sarnath: The First Turning of the Dharma Wheel", _Nekhor: Circling the Sacred_

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  4. 3. ↑Maps of India, "History: The Mesmeric Deer Park of Sarnath", 16 September 2013

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  5. 4. ↑Subham Mangsingka, "Deer Park", _Times of India_, 11 January 2017

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  6. 5. 1NRI Department (2022). "About Sarnath". _Sarnath_. Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  7. 6. 1Gabe Hiemstra, "Buddha Chronicle 24: Kassapa Buddhavaṃsa". _Wisdom Library_, 14 September 2019.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  8. 7. ↑SINGH, By RAJESH KUMAR (25 July 2026). "The ancient Buddhist site of Sarnath that has been added to the World Heritage list, in photos". _New Haven Register_. Retrieved 26 July 2026.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  9. 8. ↑BuddhaNet (2008). "The First Five Monks". _Life of the Buddha_. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  10. 9. 1Sahni 1914, p.2.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  11. 10. ↑Khenpo Sonam Tsering,_The Great Pilgrimage Sites in India_, 2021

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  12. 11. ↑Varanasi on Line, "Sarnath"

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  13. 12. ↑Sujato, Bhante. "DN 16 - Mahāparinibbānasutta". _suttacentral.net_. SuttaCentral Development Trust. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  14. 13. 1"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding (excerpt)". _Access to Insight_. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  15. 14. 1"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha (Part Five)". _Access to Insight_. Translated by Vajira, Sister; Story, Francis. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  16. 15. ↑Schumann 2004, p.67.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  17. 16. ↑BuddhaNet (2008). "Buddha Tales, Volume 1". _King Banyan Deer_. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  18. 17. ↑Sahni 1914, p.1.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  19. 18. ↑Sarao 2017, p.581.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  20. 19. ↑Asher 2020, p.1.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  21. 20. ↑Nagarkar, Sneha. "Ancient Indian Economy Part VI – The Second Urbanization in India: A Historical Perspective". _Indica Today_. Indica Academy. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  22. 21. ↑Masingka, Shubham. "Digambar Jain Temple". _The Times of India_. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  23. 22. ↑of India, Archaeological Survey. "Sarnath - Turning the Wheel of Law". _Google Arts and Culture_. Google. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  24. 23. ↑Oertel 1908, pp.60–61.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  25. 24. ↑Li 1914, pp.98–100.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  26. 25. ↑Asher 2020, p.9.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  27. 26. 1Konow 1908, pp.320, 327–8.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  28. 27. ↑Asher 2020, pp.6–8.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  29. 28. ↑Konow 1908, p.319.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  30. 29. 1Archaeological Survey of India (2013). "Accession Number: 33 (Kumaradevi inscription)". _Archaeological Museum Sarnath_. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  31. 30. ↑Konow 1908, pp.321, 327.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  32. 31. 1Verardi 2011.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  33. 32. ↑Habib 1981, p.116

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  34. 33. ↑Chandra 2007

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  35. 34. ↑Khan 2008, p.80

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  36. 35. 1Asher 2020, p.11.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  37. 36. ↑Niyogi 1959, p.111.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  38. 37. ↑Meston 1915, p.169.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  39. 38. ↑Sanyal 2012, pp.130–1.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  40. 39. ↑"Disappearance of Buddhism in India". _Original Buddhas_. Retrieved 13 December 2024.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  41. 40. ↑Auer & Strauch 2019.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  42. 41. ↑Barba, Federica (2011). "Appendix 2, Sarnath: A Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence with Particular Reference to the Final Phase of the Site". In Verardi, Giovanni (ed.). _Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India_. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN978-81-7304-928-6.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  43. 42. ↑Asher 2020, pp.21–22.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  44. 43. 1Oertel 1908, p.60.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  45. 44. ↑Pran Nevile (3 May 2009). "India's past on canvas". _The Tribune_. Chandigarh. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  46. 45. ↑Hodges 1794, pp.59–77.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  47. 46. ↑Hodges 1794, p.62

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  48. 47. ↑Ray 2014, pp.78–79.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  49. 48. ↑Oertel 1908, p.65.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  50. 49. ↑Archaeological Survey of India (2014). "Dhamek Stupa". _Our Monuments_. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  51. 50. 1Oertel 1908, pp.61–62.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  52. 51. ↑Duncan 1799, pp.131–133.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  53. 52. ↑Cunningham 1871, pp.118–119.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  54. 53. ↑Asher 2020, p.22.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  55. 54. ↑Sahni 1917, pp.17–20.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  56. 55. ↑Sherring 1868, p.26.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  57. 56. ↑Oertel 1908, pp.62–64.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  58. 57. ↑Asher 2020, pp.12–13.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  59. 58. ↑Asher 2020, pp.14–15.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  60. 59. ↑Asher 2020, p.23.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  61. 60. ↑Cunningham 1871, pp.103–130.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  62. 61. ↑Asher 2020, p.12.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  63. 62. ↑Asher 2020, pp.27–28.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  64. 63. ↑Asher 2020, p.24.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  65. 64. ↑Asher 2020, p.27.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  66. 65. ↑Sherring 1868, p.25

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  67. 66. ↑Oertel 1908, p.64.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  68. 67. ↑Oertel 1908, pp.68–70.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  69. 68. ↑Phuoc 2010, p.38.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  70. 69. ↑Vogel 1906, pp.166–167.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  71. 70. ↑UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2023). "Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh". _Tentative Lists_. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  72. 71. 1"Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath", https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  73. 72. ↑Oertel 1908, pp.61–68.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  74. 73. ↑Wagner 2021, p.406

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  75. 74. ↑Sadan 2016, p.177.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  76. 75. ↑Sahni 1914, pp.70–71.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  77. 76. ↑Oertel 1908, p.74.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  78. 77. ↑Nakamura 2001, pp.267–8.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  79. 78. ↑Nosu 1939, p.27.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  80. 79. ↑Tricycle 2009.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  81. 80. ↑Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Thai Temple & Monastery". _The Times of India_. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  82. 81. ↑"Sarnath gets country's tallest statue of Buddha". _The Times of India_. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  83. 82. ↑Katherine Tanko (30 April 1999). "Centuries of Pilgrimage:Buddhists Still Flock to Sarnath". _The New York Times_. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  84. 83. 1Federation of Jain Associations in North America 2021, p.241.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  85. 84. 1Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Digambar Jain Temple". _The Times of India_. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  86. 85. ↑Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department (10 June 2022). "Annual Tourist Visits Statistics - 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 & 2021". _Year-wise Tourist Statistics_. Lucknow: Department of Tourism, Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  87. 86. ↑Landon 1832, pp.16–17.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  88. 87. ↑Kipling 1902, p.266.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  89. 88. ↑Lovecraft 2011, p.93.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  90. 89. ↑Lovecraft 2011, pp.41–44.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  91. 90. ↑Elliott, Diemberger & Clemente 2014, p.125.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  92. 91. ↑Smith 1911, pp.374–5.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  93. 92. ↑Smith 1911, pp.101–2.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  94. 93. ↑Mani 2012, pp.60–61.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  95. * Asher, Frederick M. (2020). _Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began_. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN978-1-60606-616-4.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  96. * Auer, Blain; Strauch, Ingo (19 August 2019). _Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia_. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN978-3-11-062986-6.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  97. * Chandra, Satish (2007). _History of Medieval India: 800-1700_. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan. ISBN978-93-5287-457-6.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  98. * Elliott, Mark; Diemberger, Hildegard; Clemente, Michela (2014). _Buddha's Word: The Life of Books in Tibet and Beyond_. Cambridge, England: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge. ISBN978-0-947595-20-3.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  99. * Federation of Jain Associations in North America (2021). _Compendium of Jainism_ (4th ed.). Carson, California: Jain Education International. ISBN978-1-59406-066-3.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  100. * Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). _Historical Dictionary of Medieval India_. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol.20. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-5503-8.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  101. * Nakamura, Hajime (2001). _Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts_. Vol.1. Translated by Sekimori, Gaynor (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN978-4-333-01893-2.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  102. * Phuoc, Le Huu (2010). _Buddhist Architecture_. Lakeville, Minnesota: Grafikol. ISBN978-0-9844043-0-8.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  103. * Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2014). _The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation_ (1st ed.). New Delhi: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-71115-9.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  104. * Sadan, Jha (2016). _Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag_. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-107-11887-4.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  105. * Sanyal, Sanjeev (2012). _Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography_. Gurgaon, India: Penguin Books India Private Limited. pp.130–1. ISBN978-81-8475-671-5.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  106. * Sarao, Karam Tej Singh (2017). "Isipatana". In Long, Jeffery D. (ed.). _Buddhism and Jainism_. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p.581. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100384. ISBN978-94-024-0851-5.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗ Additional / archive link ↗

  107. * Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2004). _The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism_. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN81-208-1817-2.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

  108. * Verardi, Giovanni (2011). _Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India_. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN978-81-7304-928-6.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessed

  109. * Wagner, Anne (2021). Marusek, Sarah (ed.). _Flags, Color, and the Legal Narrative: Public Memory, Identity, and Critique_. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN978-3-030-32864-1.

    Listed by Wikipedia; underlying work not assessedSource / catalogue ↗

Bibliographic metadata derived from Wikipedia contributors, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Rendering and formatting changed; explanatory quotations are omitted. Article content can change after retrieval.