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Sind (caliphal province)

82 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 1. ↑Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). _A Historical atlas of South Asia_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN0226742210. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

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  2. 2. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 388, 557, 448, 599; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 106

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  3. 3. ↑Le Strange, pp. 331–2 and Map 7; Blankinship, pp. 110–2

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  4. 4. ↑Schmidt, Karl J. (20 May 2015). _An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History_ (Reprint ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p.36. ISBN978-1-317-47681-8.

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  5. 5. ↑Rao, M. S. Nagaraja (1978). _The Chalukyas of Badami: Seminar Papers_. Mythic Society. p.193. Jayabhața, the Gurjara of Lāța, became the feudatory of the Chalukya emperor. It was in his time that an Arab fleet was despatched to Thāņa and Broach (A.D. 636), and did some damage but was recalled under the orders of Caliph Omar.

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  6. 6. ↑M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).

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  7. 7. ↑Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "**The Shia Muslims**", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006). ISBN9780195677034.

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  8. 8. ↑Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Balâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, **Religion and Society in Arab Sind.** Pg. 126, EJ Brill: Leiden, 1989. ISBN90-04-08551-3.

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  9. 9. ↑Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, **Religion and Society in Arab Sind**, p. 126, EJ Brill (1989) ISBN90-04-08551-3.

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  10. 10. ↑Gabrieli, p. 283; Wink; pp. 129, 131; al-Baladhuri, pp. 209–15; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 278, 330–1

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  11. 11. ↑Gabrieli, pp. 283–92; Wink, pp. 202–7; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–24; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; _Encyclopaedia of Islam_, s.v. "Sind" (T.W. Haig-C.E. Bosworth)

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  12. 12. ↑Petrie, Cameron A. (28 December 2020). _Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200_. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p.148. ISBN978-1-78570-304-1.

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  13. 13. ↑Baloch and Rafiqi, pp. 293–4

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  14. 14. ↑Al-Baladhuri, p. 227

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  15. 15. ↑Blankinship, pp. 62–3

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  16. 16. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 318

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  17. 17. ↑Blankinship, p. 41

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  18. 18. ↑Crone, pp. 142 ff.; Blankinship, pp. 45–6, 98; Shaban, pp. 120 ff.

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  19. 19. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 379; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; Crone, p. 147

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  20. 20. ↑Al-Baladhuri, pp. 225–9; Blankinship, pp. 131–4; 147–9; 186–90, 202–3; Wink, 207-9

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  21. 21. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 389; al-Baladhuri, pp. 228–9; _Encyclopaedia of Islam_, s.v. "al-Mansura" (Y. Friedmann)

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  22. 22. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135

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  23. 23. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7

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  24. 24. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322

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  25. 25. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225

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  26. 26. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146

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  27. 27. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147

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  28. 28. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his _nisbah_ as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from office

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  29. 29. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147

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  30. 30. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200

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  31. 31. ↑In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al

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  32. 32. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 224–5; Crone, p. 96

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  33. 33. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318

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  34. 34. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; Crone, p. 142

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  35. 35. 1Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158

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  36. 36. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203

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  37. 37. ↑Wink, pp. 209–12; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230 ff.

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  38. 38. ↑These were Layth and Salim, as well as their respective sons. Crone, pp. 192, 194; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 441, 446, 463

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  39. 39. ↑_Encyclopaedia of Islam_, s.v. "al-Baramika" (D. Sourdel)

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  40. 40. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 585

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  41. 41. 1Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134

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  42. 42. 1al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134

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  43. 43. 1Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135

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  44. 44. 1Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135

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  45. 45. 1Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109

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  46. 46. 1Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463

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  47. 47. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230

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  48. 48. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186

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  49. 49. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759

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  50. 50. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8

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  51. 51. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.

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  52. 52. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.

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  53. 53. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)

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  54. 54. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185

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  55. 55. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480

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  56. 56. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168

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  57. 57. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192

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  58. 58. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446

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  59. 59. ↑Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192

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  60. 60. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194

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  61. 61. 1Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463

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  62. 62. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195

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  63. 63. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137

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  64. 64. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168

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  65. 65. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175

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  66. 66. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189

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  67. 67. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231

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  68. 68. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father Musa

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  69. 69. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)

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  70. 70. ↑Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219

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  71. 71. ↑Baloch and Rafiqi, p. 294

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  72. 72. ↑Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 119

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  73. 73. ↑Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 166

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  74. 74. ↑Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 205

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  75. 75. ↑Wink, 211-2

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  76. 76. ↑Baloch and Rafiqi, pp. 294–6; 296 ff.

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  77. * Baloch, N. A.; Rafiq, A. Q. (1998), "The Regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir", in M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bosworth (eds.), _History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting_, UNESCO, pp.297–322, ISBN978-92-3-103467-1

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  78. * Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). _The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads_. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN978-0-7914-1827-7.

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  79. * Crone, Patricia (1980). _Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity_ (1980 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521229616.

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  80. * MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), _Religion and Society in Arab Sind_, BRILL, ISBN90-04-08551-3

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  81. * Shaban, M. A. _The 'Abbasid Revolution._ Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970. ISBN0-521-07849-0

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  82. * Wink, André (1996) first published 1990, _Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam_ (Third ed.), Brill, ISBN0391041738

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