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Somnath temple

164 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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These entries include all references extracted from this article, including works about architecture, origins and other subjects. They do not all support destruction claims. Bibliographic capture does not mean that the original work was read. Some references cite another bibliography entry rather than a URL.

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  1. 1. ↑In anthropomorphic representations, a crescent of the moon is shown near Shiva's _jata-mukuta_ (hair). This iconography appears in early texts and temples dated to the 6th-century.20

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  2. 2. ↑In 2007, Fleming dated the _Jnanasamhita_ to the 10th century, while he suggests a 12th-century date in 2009.24 Others such as Hazra, Rocher suggest late 10th-century.25

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  3. 3. ↑In addition to the one at Somnath, the other jyotirlingas are Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Uttrakhand, Bhimashankar at Pune in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Tryambakeshwar at Nashik in Maharashtra, Vaijyanath Temple in Deoghar District of Jharkhand, Aundha Nagnath at Aundha in Hingoli District in Maharashtra, Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Ellora near Aurangabad, in Maharashtra.29

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  4. 4. ↑The date for the critical edition of the complete _Mahabharata_ is generally accepted to be c. 400 CE.36

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  5. 5. ↑Kalidas gives a separate list of _jyotirlingas_, in which Gokarna is included, but Prabhasa is not.37

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  6. 6. ↑The post-1950 excavations of the Somnath site have unearthed the earliest known version of the Somnath temple. The excavations showed the foundations of a 10th-century temple, notable broken parts and details of a major, well decorated version of a temple. Madhusudan Dhaky believes it to have been the one that was destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni.42 B.K. Thapar, the archaeologist who did the excavation, stated that there was definitely a temple structure at Somnath-Patan in the 9th century, but none before.44

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  7. 1. ↑"Somnath darshan". Official website of Somnath Temple. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

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  8. 2. 1Dhaky & Shastri 1974.

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  9. 3. 1Rosa Maria Cimino 1977.

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  10. 4. 1Thapar 2005, pp.18–19, Chapter 2.

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  11. 5. ↑Mishra & Ray 2016, p.22: "In the case of Somanatha, one has to rely solely on literary evidence as even though excavations reveal an early settlement at the site, there is no evidence for the early existence of a temple at the site...In the _Mahabharata_, Prabhas Patan has been described as a sacred tirtha located on the coast of the sea (_Vana Parva_, Ch. 109)"

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  12. 6. 1Shastri & Tagare 2004, pp.1934, 2113.

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  13. 7. ↑Yagnik & Sheth 2005, pp.39–40, 47–50.

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  14. 8. 1Thapar 2005, pp.36–37.

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  15. 9. ↑Catherine B. Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006). _India before Europe_. Sterling Publishers. p.42. ISBN9781139915618.

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  16. 10. ↑Thapar 2004, pp.68–69

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  17. 11. ↑Cousens 1931, pp.15–18.

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  18. 12. 1The Somanatha temple at Prabhas Patan, D.H. Sykes and Henry Counsens, British Library Archives (2021)

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  19. 13. ↑Shakshi 2012, pp.304–306 with Figure 4.

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  20. 14. ↑Gopal, Ram (1994). _Hindu culture during and after Muslim rule: survival and subsequent challenges_. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p.148. ISBN81-85880-26-3.

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  21. 15. ↑Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). _The Hindu nationalist movement and Indian politics: 1925 to the 1990s_. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p.84. ISBN1-85065-170-1.

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  22. 16. ↑Shree Somnath Jyotirlinga Temple, Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited – a State Government company, Government of Gujarat (2021)

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  23. 17. ↑Chakravarti 2020, pp.Chapter 11.

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  24. 18. ↑Mishra & Ray 2016, pp.234–241.

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  25. 19. 1Mishra & Ray 2016, pp.14, 184–187, 234–241.

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  26. 20. ↑Rao 1985, pp.26–30, Plates VII & VIII.

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  27. 21. ↑Eck 1999, p.291.

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  28. 22. ↑Eck, Diana L. (1981). "India's "Tīrthas": "Crossings" in Sacred Geography". _History of Religions_. **20** (4): 335, context: 323–344. doi:10.1086/462878. JSTOR1062459. S2CID161997590.

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  29. 23. ↑Fleming 2009, pp.54, 74–75.

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  30. 24. 1Fleming 2009, p. 68, footnote 19.

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  31. 25. 1Rocher 1986, pp.222–227.

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  32. 26. ↑Dhaky & Shastri 1974, p.32 with footnotes.

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  33. 27. ↑Thapar 2004, p.24.

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  34. 28. ↑Eck 1999, p.291

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  35. 29. ↑Venugopalam 2003, pp.92–95.

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  36. 30. ↑Chaturvedi 2006, pp.58–72.

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  37. 31. ↑Doniger, Wendy (8 October 2009). "How to Escape the Curse". _London Review of Books_. Vol.31, no.19. ISSN0260-9592. Retrieved 17 June 2026.

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  38. 32. ↑"Mahabharata | Definition, Story, History, & Facts | Britannica". _Encyclopedia Britannica_. Retrieved 17 June 2026.

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  39. 33. ↑Mishra & Ray 2016, pp.22–23.

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  40. 34. 1Hiltebeitel 2001, pp.139, 141–144, 151–152 with footnotes.

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  41. 35. 1Ludvik 2007, pp.100–103 with footnotes.

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  42. 36. ↑Wendy Doniger (2015), Mahabharata:Hindu literature, Encyclopaedia Britannica

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  43. 37. 1Eck, Diana L. (2012). _India: A Sacred Geography_. Harmony. pp.82–83. ISBN978-0-385-53191-7.

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  44. 38. ↑Mishra & Ray 2016, p.22 "In the case of Somanatha, one has to rely solely on literary evidence as even though excavations reveal an early settlement at the site, there is no evidence for the early existence of a temple at the site...In the _Mahabharata_, Prabhas Patan has been described as a sacred tirtha located on the coast of the sea (_Vana Parva_, Ch. 109)"

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  45. 39. ↑Thapar 2005, pp.18, 23–24.

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  46. 40. ↑Dhaky & Shastri 1974, p.32 cited in Thapar 2005, p.23

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  47. 41. ↑Thapar 2005, pp.23–24.

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  48. 42. ↑Dhaky 1998, pp.285–287.

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  49. 43. ↑Dhaky & Shastri 1974, pp.1–7.

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  50. 44. ↑Rosa Maria Cimino 1977, pp.381–382.

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  51. 45. ↑Chandra, Satish (2004). _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One_. Har-Anand Publications. pp.19–20. ISBN978-81-241-1064-5.

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  52. 46. ↑Yagnik & Sheth 2005, pp.39–40.

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  53. 47. ↑Starr, S. Frederick (2013). _Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane_. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p.341. ISBN978-0-691-15773-3.

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  54. 48. ↑Thapar 2005, p.75.

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  55. 49. ↑Khan 1976, pp.90–91 with footnotes.

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  56. 50. 1Khan 1976, pp.95–96 with footnotes.

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  57. 51. ↑Deming, D. (2014). _Science and Technology in World History, Volume 2: Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages_. McFarland Publishers. p.100. ISBN978-0-7864-5642-0.

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  58. 52. ↑Khan 1976, pp.105 with footnote 82.

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  59. 53. ↑Stuurman, S. (2017). _The Invention of Humanity: Equality and Cultural Difference in World History_. Harvard University Press. pp.156–157. ISBN978-0-674-97751-8.

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  60. 54. 1Malik, Jamal (2008). _Islam in South Asia: A Short History_. Brill Academic. pp.88–90. ISBN978-90-04-16859-6.

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  61. 55. ↑Thapar 2005, Chapter 3.

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  62. 56. ↑"Page:HMElliotHistVol1.djvu/133 - Wikisource, the free online library". _en.wikisource.org_. p.98. Retrieved 19 June 2024. They would go weeping and crying for help into the temple, and then issue forth to battle and fight till all were killed. The number of the slain exceeded 60,000

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  63. 57. ↑Cynthia Talbot 2007, p.20

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  64. 58. ↑Thapar 2005, p.51: "But Mahmud’s legitimacy in the eyes of established Islam also derived from the constant reiteration that he was a Sunni who attacked the heretics, the Ismai‘ilis and Shi‘as in India and Persia. The boast is always that their mosques were closed or destroyed and that invariably 50,000 of them were killed. The figure becomes formulaic, a part of the rhetoric for killing, irrespective of whether they were Hindu kafirs or Muslim heretics.

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  65. 59. ↑G. Buhler, Vajeshaṅkar G. Ozhâ (1889). "The Somnâthpattan Praśasti of Bhâva Bṛihaspati". _Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes_. **3**. Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Des Morgenlandes 3: 2. JSTOR23854140.

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  66. 60. ↑Thapar 2005, p.79.

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  67. 61. ↑Yagnik & Sheth 2005, p.40.

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  68. 62. ↑Yagnik & Sheth 2005, p.47.

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  69. 63. ↑Eaton (2000), Temple desecration in pre-modern India Frontline, p. 73, item 16 of the Table, Archived by Columbia University

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  70. 64. ↑Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979). _The Chahamanas of Jalor_. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan. pp.39–40. OCLC12737199.

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  71. 65. ↑Kishori Saran Lal (1950). _History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)_. Allahabad: The Indian Press. p.85. OCLC685167335.

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  72. 66. ↑Dasharatha Sharma (1959). _Early Chauhān Dynasties_. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. p.162. ISBN9780842606189. OCLC3624414.

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  73. 67. ↑_Temples of India_. Prabhat Prakashan. 1968. Retrieved 1 November 2014.

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  74. 68. ↑Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). _Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter_. Princeton University Press. p.43. ISBN9780691125947.

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  75. 69. ↑Yagnik & Sheth 2005, p.49.

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  76. 70. ↑Yagnik & Sheth 2005, p.50.

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  77. 71. ↑Satish Chandra, _Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals_, (Har-Anand, 2009), 278.

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  78. 72. 1Thapar 2004, pp.68–69.

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  79. 73. ↑Poddar, Aruna (2019). _Ahilyabai Holkar: The Administrator and Builder_. Indus Publishing. pp.150–155. ISBN978-8173041932.

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  80. 74. ↑"Battle of Kabul 1842". _britishbattles.com_. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

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  81. 75. ↑"Mosque and Tomb of the Emperor Sultan Mahmood of Ghuznee". British Library. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2014.

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  82. 76. ↑Havell, Ernest Binfield (2003). _A Handbook to Agra and the Taj_. Asian Educational Services. pp.62–63. ISBN8120617118. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

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  83. 77. ↑John Clark Marshman (1867). _The History of India, from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration_. Longmans, Green. pp.230–231.

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  84. 78. ↑George Smith (1878). _The Life of John Wilson, D.D. F.R.S.: For Fifty Years Philanthropist and Scholar in the East_. John Murray. pp.304–310.

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  85. 79. ↑The United Kingdom House of Commons Debate, 9 March 1943, on The Somnath (Prabhas Patan) Proclamation, Junagadh 1948. 584–602, 620, 630–32, 656, 674.

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  86. 80. ↑"The Gates of Somnath, by Thomas Babington Macaulay, a speech in the House of Commons, March 9, 1843". _Columbia University in the City of New York_. Retrieved 5 August 2016.

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  87. 81. ↑Thapar 2004, p.170

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  88. 82. ↑Hindustan Times, 15 Nov, 1947

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  89. 83. ↑Marie Cruz Gabriel, Rediscovery of India, A silence in the city and other stories, Published by Orient Blackswan, 1996, ISBN81-250-0828-4, ISBN978-81-250-0828-6

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  90. 84. 1Thapar 2004, pp.197–198.

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  91. 85. ↑Bazaz, Prem Nath. _The History of Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir: Cultural and Political, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day_. PamposhPublications. p.360.

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  92. 86. ↑Mir Jaffar Barkriwala, The Glorious Destruction of Hindoo Temples in Kathiawar and their replacement, Ul Akbari Publications, Bharuch, 1902

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  93. 87. 1Van der Veer, Peter (1992). "Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested Histores". _Social Research_. **59** (1): 85–87, 95–96 with footnotes. JSTOR40970685.

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  94. 88. ↑Thapar 2004, p.199.

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  95. 89. ↑Gujarati, TV9 (30 September 2024). "Somnath Demolition: સોમનાથ કોરિડોરની પરિકલ્પના પૂર્ણ થશે ત્યારે લોકો આ IPS અધિકારીને કરશે યાદ". _TV9 Gujarati_ (in Gujarati). Retrieved 30 December 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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  96. 90. ↑"સોમનાથ મંદિર પાછળ મેગા ડિમોલિશનઃ યાત્રાધામ કોરીડોર વિકાસની પૂર્વતૈયારી". _www.gujaratsamachar.com_ (in Gujarati). Retrieved 30 December 2024.

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  97. 91. ↑"ભાસ્કર ગ્રાઉન્ડ રિપોર્ટ: કોરિડોરને લઇ 500થી વધુ મિલકતો દૂર કરાશે; જમીનોના ભાવ ડબલ થઇ ગયા". _Divya Bhaskar_ (in Gujarati). 5 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2024.

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  98. 92. 1Dhaky 1998, pp.285–287, with Plates 648–661 in Part 3(2) for photographs.

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  99. 93. 1Cousens 1931, pp.11–28.

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  100. 94. 1Burnes, Alexander (1839). "Account of the Remains of the Celebrated Temple at Pattan Somnath, Sacked by Mahmúd of Ghizni, AD 1024". _The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland_. **5** (1). Cambridge University Press: 104–107. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00015173. JSTOR25181974. S2CID163352567.; This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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  101. 95. 1Postans, Captain (1846). "A Few Observations on the Temple of Somnath". _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland_. **8**: 172–175. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00142789. JSTOR25207608. S2CID163925101.; This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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  102. 96. ↑Cousens 1931, pp.11–13.

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  103. 97. ↑Cousens 1931, pp.13–14.

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  104. 98. 1"Shree Somnath Trust:: Jay Somnath". Somnath.org. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2014.

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  105. 99. ↑Scriver, P.; Srivastava, A. (2015). _India: Modern Architectures in History_. pp.314–315. ISBN978-1-78023-468-7.

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  106. 100. ↑A Coomaraswamy (1927), History of Indian and Indonesian Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Edward Goldston, p. 111

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  107. 101. 1Cousens 1931, p.16.

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  108. 102. ↑Cousens 1931, p.17.

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  109. 103. ↑E. Senart (1903), The Inscriptions in the Cave at Karle, Epigraphia Indica, Vol 7, 1902–03, pp. 57–58 (for more on Nahapana, pp. 58–61)

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  110. 104. 1Sopher, David E. (1968). "Pilgrim Circulation in Gujarat". _Geographical Review_. **58** (3). American Geographical Society, Wiley: 407–412. doi:10.2307/212564. JSTOR212564.

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  111. 105. ↑B.R. Thapar (1951), Excavation work in the precincts of the Somnath Temple – Deputation of Shri B.K. Thapar for the work (1950), National Archives of India, Abhilekh – Government of India, pp. 1–102

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  112. 106. ↑M.K. Dhavalikar and Gregory L. Possehl (1992), The pre‐Harappan period at Prabhas Patan and the Pre‐Harappan Phase in Gujarat, Man and Environment, Volume XVII, Issue 1, pp. 70‐ 78

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  113. 107. ↑Herman, Charles Frank (1996). ""Harappan" Gujarat: The Archaeology-Chronology Connection". _Paléorient_. **22** (2): 89–90, 99–100, context: 77–112. doi:10.3406/paleo.1996.4637. JSTOR41492666.

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  114. 108. ↑Homerin, Th. Emil (1983). "Sa'di's Somnatiyah". _Iranian Studies_. **16** (1/2): 31–50. doi:10.1080/00210868308701604. ISSN0021-0862. JSTOR4310402.

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  115. 109. ↑Shokoohy 2012, pp.298–299.

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  116. 110. ↑Aliakbar Dehkhoda (1994), Loghatnâme (Encyclopedic Dictionary), Editors: Mohammad Mo'in And Ja'far Shahidi, Entry: Sumanat (Persian Language), OCLC15716628

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  117. 111. ↑Panikkar, K. N. (1993). "Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya". _Social Scientist_. **21** (7/8): 63–78. doi:10.2307/3520346. JSTOR3520346.

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  118. 112. ↑Ellen Christensen (2003). C.E. Toffolo; M.C. Young (eds.). _Emancipating Cultural Pluralism_. State University of New York Press. pp.164, 172–173. ISBN978-0-7914-5598-2.

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  119. 113. ↑Smith, Donald E. (2015). _India as a Secular State_. Princeton University Press. p.386. ISBN978-1-4008-7778-2.

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  120. 114. ↑Cite error: The named reference `bhalka-somnath` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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  121. 115. ↑Cite error: The named reference `gujtour` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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  122. 116. ↑Zaidi, Syed Manzar Abbas (2011). "Polarisation of social studies textbooks in Pakistan". _The Curriculum Journal_. **22** (1). Wiley: 50–51. doi:10.1080/09585176.2011.550770. S2CID143484786.

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  123. 117. ↑Behuria, Ashok K.; Shehzad, Mohammad (2013). "Partition of History in Textbooks in Pakistan: Implications of Selective Memory and Forgetting". _Strategic Analysis_. **37** (3): 364 footnote 29, context: 353–365. doi:10.1080/09700161.2013.782664. S2CID143730050.

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  124. 118. ↑Aggarwal, Neil (2018). "Representations of Mahmud of Ghazni in the Islamic State's texts". _Contemporary South Asia_. **26** (1): 90, with image on p. 89 (context: 86–96). doi:10.1080/09584935.2018.1430747. S2CID149964716.

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  125. 119. ↑Balaji Sadasivan (2011). _The Dancing Girl_. ISEAS Publishing, Singapore. pp.118–125. ISBN9789814311687.

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  126. 120. ↑Thapar 2004, pp.Chapter 7.

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  127. 121. ↑"Suniel Shetty says Kesari Veer is Sooraj Pancholi's second chance: 'Boy has seen a lot, reminds me of Ahan'". _The Indian Express_. 29 April 2025. Archived from the original on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 29 April 2025.

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  128. 122. ↑"Kesari Veer trailer: Sooraj Pancholi is Rajput warrior Hamirji Gohil in period drama". _India Today_. 29 April 2025. Retrieved 29 April 2025.

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  129. * Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). _Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India_. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN978-1-4438-6734-4.

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