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Timur

212 reference entries captured from the article’s notes and bibliography.

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  1. 1. ↑To legitimize his rule, Timur claimed the title _güregen_ (lit. 'royal son-in-law') to a princess of Chinggisid line.2

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  2. 2. ↑; Chagatay: تیمور, romanized:_Temür_, lit.'Iron'. Sometimes romanized **Taimur** or **Temur**.

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  3. 3. ↑; Persian: تيمور لنگ, romanized:_Temūr(-i) Lang_; Chagatay: اقساق تیمور, romanized:_Aqsaq Temür_,7lit.'Timur the Lame'. Historically best known as **Amir Timur** or by his epithet_**Sahib-i-Qiran**_ (lit.'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction').8

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  4. 1. ↑_Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland_. Vol.9. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1847. p.377.

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  5. 2. 1Manz 1999, p.14.

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  6. 3. 1Chann, Naindeep Singh (2009). "Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction: Origins of the Ṣāḥib-Qirān". _Iran & the Caucasus_. **13** (1): 93–110. doi:10.1163/160984909X12476379007927. ISSN1609-8498. JSTOR25597394.

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  7. 4. ↑_Muntakhab-al Lubab_, Khafi Khan Nizam-ul-Mulki, Vol I, p. 49. Printed in Lahore, 1985

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  8. 5. ↑W. M. Thackston, _A Century of Princes: Sources on Timurid History and Art_ (1989), p. 239

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  9. 6. ↑Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". _Iran and the Caucasus_. **12** (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN1609-8498.

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  10. 7. ↑Johanson, Lars (1998). _The Turkic Languages_. Routledge. p.27. ISBN0415082005.

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  11. 8. ↑ʻInāyat Khān; Muḥammad Ṭāhir Āšnā ʿInāyat Ḫān (1990). _The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A. R. Fuller (British Library, Add. 30,777_. Oxford University Press. pp.11–17.

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  12. 9. 1Marozzi 2004, p._page needed_.

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  13. 10. ↑Meri, Josef W. (2005). _Medieval Islamic Civilization_. Routledge. p.812. ISBN978-0415966900.

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  14. 11. ↑. _Encyclopædia Britannica_. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2022.

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  15. 12. ↑Marozzi 2004, pp.341–342.

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  16. 13. ↑Shahane, Girish (28 December 2016). "Counterview: Taimur's actions were uniquely horrific in Indian history". _Scroll.in_. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2016.

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  17. 14. ↑Darwin, John (2008). _After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400–2000_. Bloomsbury Press. pp.29, 92. ISBN978-1596917606.

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  18. 15. ↑Manz 1999, p.1.

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  19. 16. ↑Marozzi, Justin (2006). _Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World_. Da Capo Press. p.342. ISBN978-0306814655.

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  20. 17. ↑Walker, Joel (1 June 2025). "Peter Jackson. From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane: The Reawakening of Mongol Asia". _The American Historical Review_. **130** (2): 868–869. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhaf065. ISSN0002-8762. from a mid-level Mongol tribe, Timur was not part of the "Golden Kin" (altan urugh), descended from Chinggis Khan, which had ruled the united Mongol Empire and its successor khanates since the early thirteenth century. Rather, his father, who served in the royal bodyguard of the Chaghatayid Khanate in Central Asia, was descended from one of Chinggis Khan's most trusted lieutenants

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  21. 18. ↑International Association for Mongol Studies (2002). _Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Н. Багабандийн ивээлд болж буй Олон Улсын Монголч Эрдэмтний VIII их хурал (Улаанбаатар хот 2002. VIII. 5–11): Илтгэлүүдийн товчлол__Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar city 2002): Summary of presentations_ (in Mongolian). Vol.III. OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. pp.5–11 – via Google Books. First of all, Timur's genealogy gives him a common ancestor with Chinggis Khan in Tumbinai – sechen or Tumanay Khan.

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  22. 19. 1Woods, John E. (2002). _Timur and Chinggis Khan_. Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p.377.

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  23. 20. ↑Lodge, Henry Cabot (1916). _The History of Nations_. Vol.14. P. F. Collier & Son. p.46. Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was of Mongol origin, and a direct descendant, by the mother's side, of Genghis Khan.

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  24. 21. 1Ahmad ibn Arabshah; McChesney, Robert D. (2017). _Tamerlane: The Life of the Great Amir_. Translated by M. M. Khorramia. Bloomsbury Academic. p.4. ISBN978-1784531706.

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  25. 22. ↑Richard C. Martin, _Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World_ A–L, Macmillan Reference, 2004, ISBN978-0028656045, p. 134.

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  26. 23. 1Gérard Chaliand, _Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube_ translated by A. M. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. translated by A.M. Berrett. Transaction Publishers, p. 75. ISBN076580204X. _Limited preview_ at Google Books. p. 75., ISBN076580204X, p. 75., "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. And although he wielded absolute power, he never called himself more than an emir.", "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir."

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  27. 24. ↑Matthew White: _Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements_, Canongate Books, 2011, ISBN978-0857861252, section "Timur".

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  28. 25. ↑"The Rehabilitation of Tamerlane". _Chicago Tribune_. 17 January 1999. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.

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  29. 26. ↑John Joseph Saunders, The history of the Mongol conquests (p. 174), Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1971, ISBN0812217667.

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  30. 27. ↑Barthold, V. V. (1962). _Four studies on the History of Central Asia_. Vol.1 (Second Printing ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. p.61.

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  31. 28. ↑. Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. 2007. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2007.

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  32. 29. 1Manz, Beatrice F. (2000). "Tīmūr Lang". _Encyclopaedia of Islam_. Vol.10 (2nd ed.). Brill. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

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  33. 30. ↑Jackson, Peter (2023). _From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane: The Reawakening of Mongol Asia_. Yale University Press. pp.225–27. ISBN978-0-300-27504-9.

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  34. 31. ↑Jackson 2023, p.227.

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  35. 32. 1Woods, John E. (1990). Martin Bernard Dickson; Michel M. Mazzaoui; Vera Basch Moreen (eds.). "Timur's Genealogy". _Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson_. University of Utah Press: 97. ISBN978-0874803426.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

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  36. 33. ↑Mackenzie, Franklin (1963). _The Ocean and the Steppe: The Life and Times of the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan, 1155–1227_. Vantage Press. p.322.

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  37. 34. ↑Woods 1990, p.90.

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  38. 35. ↑Woods, John E. (1991). _The Timurid dynasty_. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. p.9.

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  39. 36. ↑Haidar, Mansura (2004). _Indo-Central Asian Relations: From Early Times to Medieval Period_. Manohar. p.126. ISBN978-8173045080.

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  40. 37. ↑Keene, Henry George (2001) 1878. _The Turks in India_. Honolulu, HI: University Press of the Pacific. p.20. ISBN978-0898755343.

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  41. 38. ↑Robinson, David M. (2019). "Eurasia after the Fall". _In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia_. Cambridge University Press. p.40. doi:10.1017/9781108687645.002. ISBN9781108482448.

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  42. 39. ↑Manz 1999, pp.164–165.

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  43. 40. ↑Fischel, Walter J. (1952). _Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane_. Berkeley, CA / Los Angeles: University of California Press. p.37.

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  44. 41. ↑Sela, Ron (2011). _The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia_. Cambridge University Press. p.27. ISBN978-1139498340.

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  45. 42. 1Lee 2021, pp.203–204.

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  46. 43. ↑Lee 2021, p.209.

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  47. 44. ↑Lee 2021, p.205, 215.

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  48. 45. ↑Droese, Janine; Karolewski, Janina (4 December 2023). _Manuscript Albums and their Cultural Contexts: Collectors, Objects, and Practices_. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p.135. ISBN978-3-11-132146-2. To the best of my knowledge, the earliest portrait of Timur can be found in a genealogical scroll (Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum, H. 2152, fols 32-43"), produced shortly after his death in Samarqand (probably under the reign of Khalil Sultan, r. 1405-1409)

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  49. 46. ↑Richard Peters, _The Story of the Turks: From Empire to Democracy_ (1959), p. 24.

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  50. 47. ↑Glassé, Cyril (2001). _The new encyclopedia of Islam_ (Revised ed.). Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. ISBN0759101892. OCLC48553252.

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  51. 48. ↑Sinor, Denis (1990). "Introduction: The concept of Inner Asia". _The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia_. Cambridge University Press. pp.1–18. doi:10.1017/chol9780521243049.002. ISBN978-0521243049.

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  52. 49. ↑Manz, Beatrice F. (24 April 2012). "Tīmūr Lang". In Bearman, P.; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (eds.). _Tīmūr Lang_. _Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition_. The birthdate commonly ascribed to Tīmūr, 25 S͟haʿbān 736/8 April 1336, is probably an invention from the time of his successor S͟hāh Ruk͟h q.v., the day chosen for astrological meaning and the year to coincide with the death of the last Il-K͟hān.

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  53. 50. 1Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1988). "Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty". _Iranian Studies_. **21** (1–2): 105–122. doi:10.1080/00210868808701711. ISSN0021-0862. JSTOR4310596.

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  54. 51. ↑"Central Asia, history of Timur 31 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine", in Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Under his leadership, Timur united the Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers.")

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  55. 52. ↑"Islamic world", in Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: "Timur (Tamerlane) was of Mongol descent and he aimed to restore Mongol power."

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  56. 53. ↑Carter V. Findley, _The Turks in World History_, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN978-0195177268, p. 101.

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  57. 54. ↑G. R. Garthwaite, _The Persians_, Malden, ISBN978-1557868602, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. p.148. Quotation: "Timur's tribe, the Barlas, had Mongol origins but had become Turkic-speaking

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  58. 55. ↑M. S. Asimov &Clifford Edmund Bosworth, _History of Civilizations of Central Asia_, UNESCO Regional Office, 1998, ISBN9231034677, p. 320. "One of his followers was

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  59. 56. ↑Kravets, S. L.; et al., eds. (2016). "ТИМУ́Р ТАМЕРЛАН"Timúr Tamerlan. _Great Russian Encyclopedia_ (in Russian). Vol.32: Televizionnaya bashnya – Ulan-Bator. Moscow, Russia: Great Russian Encyclopedia. ISBN978-5-85270-369-9. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023. Сын бека Тарагая из тюркизированного монг. племени барласSon of Bek Taragai from the Turkified Mongol Barlas tribe.

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  60. 57. ↑. _Encyclopædia Britannica_. 5 September 2023. § Life. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2023. Timur was a member of the Turkicized Barlas tribe, a Mongol subgroup that had settled in Transoxania (now roughly corresponding to Uzbekistan) after taking part in Genghis Khan's son Chagatai's campaigns in that region.

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  61. 58. ↑Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, _Zafarnama_ (1424–1428), p. 35.

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  62. 59. ↑Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, _Zafarnama_ (1424–1428), p. 75.

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  63. 60. ↑Marozzi 2004, p.31.

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  64. 61. 1Hannah, Ian C. (1900). _A brief history of eastern Asia_. T. F. Unwin. p.92. Retrieved 30 December 2015.

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  65. 62. 1Goldsmid 1911, p.994.

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  66. 63. ↑Marozzi 2004, p.40.

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  67. 64. ↑Marozzi 2004, pp.41–42.

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  68. 65. 1Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2002). "Tamerlane's Career and Its Uses". _Journal of World History_. **13**: 3. doi:10.1353/jwh.2002.0017. S2CID143436772.

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  69. 66. 1Moin, A. Azfar (2012). _The Millennial Sovereign: Sacred Kingship and Sainthood in Islam_. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.40–43. ISBN978-0231504713. OCLC967261884.

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  70. 67. ↑Aigle, Denise (2014). _The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History_. Leiden: Brill. p.132. ISBN978-90-04-27749-6. OCLC994352727.

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  71. 68. ↑Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005, p.93.

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  72. 69. 1Crummey 2014, p.64.

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  73. 70. ↑Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). _Mughal Gardens_. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN978-0884022350– via google.ca.

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  74. 71. ↑Melville 2020, p.32.

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  75. 72. ↑Timur (2013). _The Mulfuzat Timury, Or, Autobiographical Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Timur: Written in the Jagtay Turky Language_. Cambridge University Press. pp.vii–xxxvii. ISBN978-1108056021.

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  76. 73. ↑Melville 2020, p.56.

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  77. 74. ↑Manz 1999, pp.67–71.

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  78. 75. ↑Melville 2020, pp.97–100.

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  79. 76. 1Chaliand, Gerard; Blin, Arnaud (2007). _The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda_. University of California Press. p.87. ISBN978-0520247093. isfahan Timur.

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  80. 77. ↑Fisher, W. B.; Jackson, P.; Lockhart, L.; Boyle, J. A.: _The Cambridge History of Iran_, p. 55.

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  81. 78. ↑Strange 1905, pp.267–287.

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  82. 79. ↑Manz 1999, pp.123–125.

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  83. 80. ↑Melville 2020, p.109.

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  84. 81. ↑Shterenshis, Michael (2002). _Tamerlane and the Jews_. Psychology Press. pp.144–189. ISBN978-0700716968.

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  85. 82. ↑Strange, Guy Le (1905). _The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur_. University Press. p.235.

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  86. 83. ↑Morgan, David (2014). _Medieval Persia 1040–1797_. Routledge. pp.167–184. ISBN978-1317871408.

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  87. 84. ↑Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2005, p.94.

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  88. 85. ↑Galeotti 2024, p.93.

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  89. 86. 1Virani, Shafique N. _The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation_ (New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 116.

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  90. 87. 1Grousset, René (1970). _The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia_. Rutgers University Press. p.444. ISBN978-0-8135-1304-1.

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  91. 88. ↑Singh, Surinder (2023). _The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture, c.1000–c.1500_. Taylor & Francis. pp.374, 390. ISBN978-1-032-65440-9.

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  92. 89. ↑Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. (2010). _The History of India_. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.131. ISBN978-1615301225.

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  93. 90. ↑Elliot, Henry Miers (2013). _History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period_. Cambridge University Press. pp.489–493. ISBN978-1108055857.

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  94. 91. ↑Sen, Sudipta (2019). _Ganga: The Many Pasts of a River_. Penguin Random House India. ISBN978-9353054489– via Google Books.

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  95. 92. ↑Singh, Raj Pal (1988). _Rise of the Jat power_. Harman Publishing House. ISBN978-8185151052. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

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  96. 93. ↑Phillips, Charles (10 December 2023). "Battle of Delhi". _www.britannica.com_. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.

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  97. 94. ↑Marozzi 2004, p.267.

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  98. 95. ↑Ibn Arabşah, 1986: 164–166._missing long citation_

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  99. 96. ↑Ibn Hacer, 1994, pp. II: 9–10._missing long citation_

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  100. 97. ↑Ibn Tagrîbirdi, 1956, XII: 262–263._missing long citation_

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  101. 98. ↑"Battle of Delhi | 17 December 1398". _History on this day_. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.

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  102. 99. ↑Marozzi 2004, pp.269–274.

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  103. 100. ↑Ashrafyan, K. Z. (1998). "Central Asia under Timur from 1370 to the early fifteenth century". In Asimov, M. S. (ed.). _History of civilizations of Central Asia: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century. Part 1: Vol. 4, The age of achievement The historical, social and economic setting_. Paris: UNESCO Publ. ISBN978-92-3-103467-1.

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  104. 101. ↑"The Turco-Mongol Invasions". Rbedrosian.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

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  105. 102. 1Nicol 1993, p.314.

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  106. 103. ↑Munt, Harry (2017). _The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East_. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p.Map 3. ISBN978-1-4744-0225-5.

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  107. 104. ↑Masters, Bruce (1999). "Aleppo:the Ottoman Empire's caravan city". In Eldem, Edhem; Goffman, Daniel; Master, Bruce (eds.). _The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul_. Cambridge University Press. p.20.

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  108. 105. ↑Margaret Meserve, _Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought_, (Harvard University Press, 2008), p. 207.

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  109. 106. ↑ʻArabshāh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn (1976). _Tamerlane: Or, Timur, the Great Amir_. Progressive Books. p.168.

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  110. 107. ↑Nicolle, David; Hook, Richard (1998). _The Mongol Warlords Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane_. Brockhampton Press. p.161. ISBN1860194079.

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  111. 108. ↑Rhoads Murphey, _Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household 1400–1800_; published by Continium, 2008; p. 58

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  112. 109. ↑Norouzian, Giti (2011). "A copy of a panegyric biography of Timur, the Zafar-Nama of 936 H, with pictures attributed to Bihzad". _The Art of the Islamic World_. Manggha, Polish Institute of World Art Studies. p.139.

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  113. 110. ↑Kevin Reilly (2012). _The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History_. Rowman & Littlefield. pp.164–. ISBN978-1442213845.

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  114. 111. ↑Lodge, Henry Cabot (1913). _The History of Nations_. P. F. Collier. pp.51–.

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  115. 112. ↑Belozerskaya, Marina (2012). _Medusas Gaze: The Extraordinary Journey of the Tazza Farnese_. Oxford University Press. pp.88–. ISBN978-0199876426.

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  116. 113. ↑Vertot (abbé de) (1856). _The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem: Styled Afterwards, the Knights of Rhodes, and at Present, the Knights of Malta_. J. W. Leonard & Company. pp.104–.

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  117. 114. 1Kastritsis, Dimitris J. (2007). _The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–1413_. Brill. p.49.

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  119. 116. ↑Stevens, John. _The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a f

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  120. 117. 1Tsai 2002, pp.188–189.

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  121. 118. ↑C. P. Atwood. _Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire_, see: "Northern Yuan Dynasty".

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  122. 119. ↑Lee, Adela C. Y. "Tamerlane (1336–1405) – _The Last Great Nomad Power_". Silkroad Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

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  123. 120. ↑Tsai 2002, p.161.

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  124. 121. ↑James Louis Garvin, Franklin Henry Hooper, Warren E. Cox, _Encyclopædia Britannica_, Vol. 22 (1929), p. 233.

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  125. 122. ↑Abdulla Vakhabov, _Muslims in the USSR_ (1980), pp. 63–64. ASIN B0006E65HW

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  126. 123. ↑Roya Marefat, _Beyond the Architecture of Death:Shrine of the Shah-i Zinda in Samarqand_ (1991), p. 238.

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  127. 124. 1Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, _Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2_ (1959).

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  128. 125. ↑Marthe Bernus-Taylor, _Tombs of Paradise: The Shah-e Zende in Samarkand and Architectural Ceramics of Central Asia_ (2003), p. 27.

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  129. 126. ↑Beatrice Forbes Manz, _Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran_ (2007), p. 16.

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  130. 127. ↑William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Peter Avery, Lawrence Lockhart, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch, Richard Nelson Frye, Charles Melville, Gavin Hambly, _The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume VI_ (1986), pp. 99–101.

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  131. 128. ↑Manz 1999, p.17.

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  132. 129. ↑Devin DeWeese. "The Descendants of Sayyid Ata and the Rank of Naqīb in Central Asia", _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, Vol. 115, No. 4 (October–December 1995), pp. 612–634.

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  133. 130. ↑Vasilij Vladimirovič Bartold. _Four studies on the history of Central Asia_, Vol. 1, p. 19.

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  134. 131. ↑Barbara Brend. _Islamic art_, p. 130.

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  135. 132. ↑Michael Shterenshis. _Tamerlane and the Jews._ Routledge. ISBN978-1136873669. p. 38.

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  136. 133. 1Virani, Shafique N. _The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation_ (New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 114.

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  137. 134. ↑Mirgaleev et al. 2022, p.79.

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  138. 135. ↑Mirgaleev et al. 2022, p.83.

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  139. 136. ↑Mirgaleev et al. 2022, p.80.

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  140. 137. 1Mirgaleev et al. 2022, pp.78–79.

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  141. 138. ↑Mirgaleev et al. 2022, pp.79–80.

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  142. 139. ↑Manz 1999, p.16.

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  143. 140. ↑Marozzi 2004, p.9.

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  144. 141. 1Walter Joseph Fischel, _Ibn Khaldūn in Egypt: His Public Functions and His Historical Research, 1382–1406; a Study in Islamic Historiography_, University of California Press, 1967, p. 51, footnote.

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  145. 142. ↑Roemer, H. R. "Timur in Iran." The Cambridge History of Iran, edited by Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 86–87.

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  146. 143. ↑Saunders, J. J. (2001). _The History of the Mongol Conquests_. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.173–. ISBN978-0812217667.

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  147. 144. ↑Marozzi 2004.

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  148. 145. ↑Holden, Edward S. (2004) 1895. _The Mogul Emperors of Hindustan (1398–1707 A.D)_. New Delhi: Westminster, Archibald Constable and Co. pp.47–48. ISBN978-8120618831.

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  149. 146. ↑Cowell, Professor (first name not given). _MacMillan's Magazine,_ vol. XXX (via Google Books). London, England: MacMillan & Company, 1874, p. 252.

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  150. 147. ↑Beatrice Forbes Manz (1999). _The rise and rule of Tamerlane_. Internet Archive. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-63384-0.

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  151. 148. ↑Barthold, V. V. (1962). _Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1_ (Second Printing, 1962 ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. pp.59–60.

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  152. 149. ↑Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). _A World of Chess_, p. 31. McFarland. ISBN978-0786494279. "Often known as Tamerlane chess, its invention is traditionally attributed to the conqueror himself."

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  153. 150. ↑Document preserved at Le Musée de l'Histoire de France, code AE III 204. Mentioned Dossier II, 7, J936 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.

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  154. 151. ↑Mentioned Dossier II, 7 bis.

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  155. 152. ↑Mentioned Dossier II, 7 ter.

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  156. 153. ↑Gies, Frances Carney (September–October 1978). "The Man Who Met Tamerlane". _Saudi Aramco World_. **29** (5). Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.

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  157. 154. ↑Mirgaleev et al. 2022, p.77.

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  158. 155. 1Manz 1989, p.1.

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  159. 156. ↑. _Encyclopædia Britannica_.

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  160. 157. ↑Axworthy, Michael (2006). _The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant_. I. B.Tauris. ISBN978-1850437062.

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  161. 158. ↑Manz 1999, p.109"In Temür's government, as in those of most nomad dynasties, it is impossible to find a clear distinction between civil and military affairs, or to identify the Persian bureaucracy as solely civil or the Turko-Mongolian solely with military government. In fact, it is difficult to define the sphere of either side of the administration and we find Persians and Chaghatays sharing many tasks. (In discussing the settled bureaucracy and the people who worked within it I use the word Persian in a cultural rather than ethnological sense. In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled 'diwan' was Persian and its scribes had to be thoroughly adept in Persian culture, whatever their ethnic origin.) Temür's Chaghatay emirs were often involved in civil

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  162. 159. ↑Roy, Olivier (2007). _The new Central Asia_. I.B. Tauris. p.7. ISBN978-1845115524.

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  163. 160. ↑Foltz 2019, p.179.

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  164. 161. ↑"Nestorianism | Definition, History, & Churches | Britannica". _www.britannica.com_. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2022.

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  165. 162. 1ud-Din, Hameed (2011). "Abū Ṭāleb Ḥosaynī". _Encyclopædia Iranica_. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.

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  166. 163. ↑Milwright, Marcus (2006). "So Despicable a Vessel: Representations of Tamerlane in Printed Books of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". _Muqarnas_. **23**: 317. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000105.

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  167. 164. 1Knobler, Adam (November 1995). "The Rise of Timur and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405". _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_. Third Series. **5** (3): 341–349. doi:10.1017/s135618630000660x. S2CID162421202.

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  168. 165. ↑ad-DīnʿAlī Yazdī, Sharaf (1723). _The History of Timur-Bec_. Vol.1. pp.xii–ix. Punctuation and spelling modernized.

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  169. 166. ↑Oshanin, Lev Vasil'evich (1964). _Anthropological composition of the population of Central Asia: and the ethnogenesis of its peoples_. Vol.2. Peabody Museum. p.39.

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  170. 167. ↑Berna Özcan, Gül (2018). _Diverging Paths of Development in Central Asia_. Routledge. ISBN978-1351739429.

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  171. 168. ↑Yah, Lim Chong (2001). _Southeast Asia: The Long Road Ahead_. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. p.3. ISBN978-9813105843.

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  172. 169. ↑_Russian Translation Series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology_. Harvard University. 1964.

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  173. 170. ↑Gerasimov, Mikhail Mikhailovich (1971). _The face finder_. Hutchinson. p.135. ISBN978-0091055103.

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  174. 171. ↑Congress, United States. _Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress_. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.A7238.

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  175. 172. ↑"Uzbekistan: On the bloody trail of Tamerlane". _The Independent_. London. 9 July 2006. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2016.

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  176. 173. ↑Dickens, Mark and Dickens, Ruth. "Timurid Architecture in Samarkand". Oxuscom.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

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  177. 174. ↑"_Näsimi_ (1973)". IMDb. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

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  178. 175. ↑Serrano, Enrique (2 January 2011). _Tamerlan (Biblioteca Breve)_ (Spanish ed.). Planeta Colombiana Editorial. ISBN978-9584205407.

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  179. 176. ↑"_Day Watch_–Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

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  180. 177. ↑"Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition review". _PC Gamer_. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

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  181. 178. ↑Szczepanski, Kallie (21 July 2019). "Biography of Tamerlane, 14th Century Conqueror of Asia". _ThoughtCo_. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

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  182. 179. ↑Nogueira, Adeilson (28 March 2020). _Timur_. Clube de Autores. pp.9–10.

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  183. 180. ↑Woods 1991, pp.17–19.

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  184. 181. ↑Vasilii Vladimirovitch Barthold, _Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, Vol. 2_ (1963), p. 31.

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